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'2.2^ 



THE PLAN BOOK SERIES 



A LITTLE 



JOURNEY TO CANADA 



FOR INTERMEDIATE AND UPPER 
GRADES 



MARIAN M. GEORGE 



CHICAGO 
A. I'XANAGAN COMPANY 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS. 

Two C0M6S Received 

JUN. 24 1901 

Copyright entry 

Class cjlxxc. r\<*. 

COPY B. 



Copyright. 190), 
By a. FLANAGAN COMPANY 






<^ 






A Little Journey to 
Canada. 



What a fortunate thing that we decided to take the 
trip to Canada in May. Why? Because on the home- 
ward journey we can visit the Pan-American Exposi- 
tion at Buffalo. 

It will be much pleasanter to do so at that time 
than to wait until the sultry days of July and August. 
People from all over the world will be there. What 
a pleasure to see again the friends we made on our 
little journeys to Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Hawaii, 
The Philippines^ China and Japan. '^') 

We will be able to see their villages on the exposi- 
tion grounds which are to give the States people an 
idea of the home life and industries of these people of 
other lands. 

But the trip to Canada must first be planned. How 
shall we go? Turn to your United States maps and 
look over the routes. Some of our party returning 
from Alaska remained on the Pacific Coast for a rest. 
We have promised to return to Seattle and make that 
our starting point for the journey to Canada. 

What route shall we take to reach there? We have 
already taken a journey to the Pacific Coast by the 
Great Northern Railway; suppose we take the Canadian 
Pacific this time. It will give us many glimses of the 



4 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

beauty spots of the United States. We can go by way 
of the boat from Seattle to Vancouver's Island, which 
is a part of the Dominion of Canada. 

Now turn to the map of Canada. At Vancouver 
City we take the Canadian Pacific Railway which has 
done so much to make Canada what it is today. This 
road will take us across the continent. 

No trip to Canada would be complete without a trip 
down the St. Lawrence and a visit to Niagara Falls. 
At Toronto we can embark on one of the steamers of 
the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Company, follow- 
ing the course of the lake and down the St. Lawrence, 
past the Thousand Islands, shooting the Rapids, stop- 
ping at Montreal and Quebec and finally reaching the 
most attractive part of the whole trip — the Saguenay 
River. 

We may then return to Buffalo and after our visit 
there go home by way of the Great Lakes. We can 
take passage at Buffalo on a steamer that will con- 
nect with the Manitou Steamship Line. "The Man i- 
tou" has taken us on many a pleasure trip, and will 
carry us safely home to Chicago. 

SEATTLE. 

Here we are at Seattle again and the other members 
of our party ready to join us. Very close to us lies 
the Dominion of Canada. How shall we reach it? 
What places in Canada can we visit in a month's 
time? That depends upon what the majority of the 
Travel Club wish to see. Some care most for its 
beautiful scenery, others are interested in the people 
and industries. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 7 

Let US take a look at the land then before we go any 
farther. 

CANADA. 

All the country north of the United States, except 
Alaska, Greenland and Iceland, is included in that 
part of the British Empire known as the Dominion of 
Canada and Newfoundland. 

Canada is about the size of the United States with- 
out Alaska. It stretches from the Pacific to the Atlan- 
tic, a breadth of nearly four thousand miles. Its 
southern boundary is the United States; its northern, 
the Arctic Ocean. There are seven provinces and 
nine districts in the Dominion. Each province has 
a government of its own, as have our states. But they 
have a central government also, with a capital at 
Ottawa, which corresponds to our capital at Washing- 
ton. The territories are covered with vast forests and 
are of but little importance at present. Newfound- 
land has no connection with Canada. It has an in- 
dependent government. 

Canada has a population of about six million. One 
third of these are French or of French descent, but the 
majority are of English or Scotch descent. About one 
hundred and twenty-five thousand are Indians and a 
small number of Eskimo. The majority of the Cana- 
dians have their homes in the southern part of Canada. 
Then comes a region farther north covered with vast 
forests. It is here that many of the Indians, the fur 
traders and trappers live. The Eskimo live in the 
extreme north, along the coast. 

But we will meet with but little difficulty about 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



language. With the Indians on the Pacific coast, a 
few phrases of Chinook will carry us through. In other 
parts of the country we can easily find an interpreter 
for the other tribes. In Quebec, where French is the 
language employed, the hotel men, cab men and busi- 
ness men also speak English, and as for the Eskimo, 
well I think we will have to visit them in imagination 
only. 

The chief industries of the people are agriculture, 
lumbering, fur trading, fishing and mining. The farm- 
ing districts lie through the Central and Atlantic 
divisions of Canada. Here we find the most of the in- 
habitants and the great cities. We shSll not linger in 
the cities that resemble the cities of the United States, 
nor shall we visit the farms and factjpries similar to 
those seen at home. We decide to devote most of our 

time to thoseliidustries 
■ • ^ and modes ^of life un- 

like Our QwH? • ' 

If we set out now for 
the Land of Evange- 
line and go north and 
east through Canada, 
we shall find spring 
and lose it over and 
over again before we 
reach our journey's 
end. When nature is 
reviving beneath the 
mild south winds that 
blow on the lowlands 




THE LAND OP EVANGELINE. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 9 

by the coast, the snow still lingers in the canyons of the 
Cascades, and the Selkirks, and the Rockies. Out in the 
Prairie Ijand we shall find vegetation far advanced; the 
spring plowing over, warm weather and sunny skies. 
But, as we travel through the region north of Lake 
Superior, and again when we reach Quebec, we shall 
find nature just waking from her long winter sleep. 

All along our way, however hot it may be in the 
daytime, it will be cool enough at night. Pack up 
your warm clothes, then, and bring them with you. 
Rain coats and umbrellas of course must not be for- 
gotten. We will have no difficulty about money. 
American bills and silver are good anywhere in Canada. 

OFF FOR VICTORIA. 

From Seattle we can reach the Dominion by land 
or water. As we have had so much railway traveling 
let us go by sea. The part of Canada we shall first 
see will be what is known as the Pacific division or 
British Columbia. 

We are steaming into the beautiful harbor of Vic- 
toria almost before we know it. It is from this we are 
to have our first glimpses of Canadian life. Victoria 
is the capital of British Columbia and is situated on 
the southern end of Vancouver Island. It has a small 
harbor with a narrow entrance, but all except the 
largest ocean steamers can anchor here. Above us on 
the hills lies the city, the square wooden tower of a 
Cathedral rising above everything. 

Early May in Victoria is certainly delightful. We 
fully expected to find a cold disagreeable climate and 
perhaps fogs in a country so far north, but the sky is 



10 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



clear and blue, and the sun shining bright and warm. 
The lawns about the houses are green, and in the fields- 
buttercups and daisies are blooming. The people who 
live here tell us that the climate of Victoria is perfect. 
Moist winds blow from the warm south for eight 
months out of the twelve. The thermometer rarely 
falls below 23° in winter, or rises above 72° in summer. 




PARLIAMENT lUJlLUi.NUS, \ ICIOKIA, H. C. 

Victoria seems like an English town. At every turn 
you meet Jack Tars and red-coated marines away from 
their ships for the afternoon. Victoria is a city of 
homes. The people on the main land call it the home 
of the moss-backs. The Victorian is so quiet, so easy 
going they say, that moss grows on his back. 

Let us take a walk through the quiet city. It will 
not take long as it has a population of but twenty 
thousand people. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 11 

Notice the houses. They are not built up in rows 
close together. Each house stands apart, surrounded 
by its own little garden. Those^ creepers you see 
trained over the porches, are honeysuckles. Ferns 
here reach the height of ten or twelve feet. Even cur- 
rant bushes grow to a wonderful size; in many gardens 
they are trained on arbors and hang their berries high 
overhead. In the clearings about the town, wild rose 
bushes are matted together by the acre. 

The Indians are the laborers here. They take the 
place of the negroes of the South. They are the 
''hands"of the sawmills, the' 'roustabouts"of the steam- 
boats and the wharves; they are the teamsters and 
the coachmen. Their women often find work as do- 
mestic servants. 

The houses in the Indian village opposite the city 
are square or oblong huts with flat roofs and with, 
walls and ceilings of cedar. The floors are of earth. 
Several families often live together in one house. Then 
the hut is made three or four times larger. Inside 
there are no partitions; nevertheless, each family has 
its own fireside, round which it draws its belongings, 
and makes its home. 

Throughout the province the Chinese are relied upon 
for the work of the garden, the kitchen, the laundry. 
The people grumble at them, and write to the news- 
papers about them. The Labor Unions denounce ihem. 
But each grumbler would be at his wits' end if Chinese 
immigration were stopped. As it is, each Chinaman 
who enters the Dominion has to pay a tax of fifty dol- 
lars. The Japanese are allowed to enter free. 



12 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

ESQUIMAULT. 

Within two miles of the city Ues Esquimault, the 

chief naval base of Great Britain on the Pacific. Let 

us take the electric cars and look at the men-of-war 

lying in the harbor; and the big dry-dock in which 

ships are cleaned and repaired. There is one there 

now. Look at the men away down thirty-five feet 

below us. What are they doing? They are scouring 

and scraping at the sheathing of the ship's hull to get 

off the barnacles. What are barnacles? A tiny 

species of shellfish that fastens on a vessel's hull, and 

lessens its speed. 

NANAIMO. 

Seventy miles north of Victoria is the town of Na- 
naimo. There are coal mines there that yield more 
than a million tons a year. For steam raising purposes 
the War Department of the United States rates Na- 
naimo coal above any found in Washington, Oregon, 
or California. The American steamship lines of China 
and Australia use it almost exclusively. The Canadian 
Pacifiic Railway Company depends upon it for its 
steamship service to China, and for its railway service 
to the summit of the Rockies. 

VANCOUVER. 

Now let us take steamer for the city of Vancouver. 
It is a six hours' trip. We cross the Gulf of Georgia, 
and come to anchor in the harbor of the chief com- 
mercial city of the Dominion on the Pacific. Beside 
us lies the ^'Empress of Japan" discharging her cargo 
of tea and general merchandise brought from Hong- 
kong and Yokohama. Within a week the cars of the 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



13 



Canadian Pacific Railway will have delivered the ves- 
sel's lading at Montreal and New York. 

In 1885 the site of Vancouver was a wilderness of 
tall pines and branching cedars. Now it has twenty- 
five thousand inhabitants enjoying all the comforts 




VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA 

and most of the luxuries of civilization. Churches, 
schools, stately public buildings adorn the streets. 
The telephone is everywhere. Electricity lights the 
miles of asphalt streets, the hotels, and the private 
residences, and runs a line to New Westminster, the 
former capital of British Columbia, famous for its can- 
neries and its sawmills. 

The water supply is drawn from a mountain stream, 
and piped to the city by gravitation. Sanitation and 



14 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



drainage receive careful attention. Stanley Park, with 
a drive-way ten miles long encircling it, has been pre- 
sented to the city by the Provincial Government. 
Here, overlooking the Bay and the Narrows, are for- 
ests with stately trees, hanging mosses and mighty 
ferns. 





.'lliEl>T l.N VA.\CUU\ l.l; 



Siwashes, the Indians of the coast* camp on the 
fringes of the Park. In the little ( oves at the foot of 
the precipices float flocks of duck, teal, diver and auk. 
Look down over the bay. See the flotillas of quaint 
canoes. The Indians in them are trolling for salmon, 
or deep-fishing for the black cod or skill. Many of the 
Indians of Vancouver Island are engaged in seal fishing. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 15 

All around are mountains. Far away south is the 
white volcanic mass of Mt. Baker, arising from Ameri- 
can territory. Across the English Bay are mountains. 
Right ahead are mountains. On the farther side of 
Burrard Inlet range beyond range of mountains rise, 
covered with forests to their peaks, the home of bear, 
goat, deer, panther and wild fowl. 

British Columbia is a land for fishermen, the lum- 
berman, the hunter and miner. 

NORTHERN CANADA. 

If we go farther up north through British Columbia 
and into Yukon we must walk or use sledges and dogs. 
This is what the miners are obliged to do who carry 
on mining in the Klondike region. Hundreds of them 
are making their way northward now, and others who 
have wintered there are now working every hour in 
the day. For the summers are short and th5 ground 
is frozen two-thirds of the year. Fires must be built 
on the ground to thaw the earth before it can be dug 
up. 

When the spring comes and the ice melts in the 
streams the miners take advantage of the running 
water to wash out the gold from the earth they have 
carried and piled up along the banks. The summer 
is their harvest time, as well as that of the farmer. 
These miners suffer great hardships in order to wring 
their Jiving from the soil, and many of them die of 
hunger and cold. 

In the far north one sees no trees except willows and 
birches and a few^ hardy plants that hug the ground 
very closely to escape the biting winds. In the short 



16 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 




summers a little grass and a few flowering plants 
spring up. Some of these plants produce berries which 
the Eskimo and birds hunt with pleasure. 

If we wished to visit one of the famous whaling 
grounds in the world we might push our way still 
farther north up to the mouth of the Mackenzie river. 
Steamers reach this spot from points on the Pacific by 
way of the Behring Sea and the Arctic Ocean. A few 
Eskimo villages are scattered along the coast, but the 
cold is too intense for any other human beings to exist 
in this place. 

ANIHAL LIFE. 

One wonders that animals can live in such a cold 
place, but one of the sailors tells us that many of the 
animals of the north live in the sea. There, except- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



17 



ing at the surface, the temperature does not go below 
the freezing point. When the water freezes over 
many of them migrate southward. 

One curious thing he tells us is that the polar bear, 
the fox, hare and baby seal change their coats to one 



4i' 




CARIBOU. 



more nearly resembling snow in the winter time. 
That's for protection, you see. It helps to hide them 
from their enemies and enables them to steal upon 
their prey unobserved. Their food? Most of the 
animals in the Polar regions live on animal food, but 
the reindeer, the caribou, musk, ox and Arctic hare live 
on the scanty grass, moss, and berries , 



18 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

The caribou is the wild reindeer. It has never been 
tamed, but is hunted for its venison. 

What other aiUimals? Well, there are some land 
birds, the most common being the tough little sparrow 
and the saucy crow, and the plarmigan, which also 
changes its plumage to white in winter. Then there 
are thousands upon thousands of sea birds, that build 
their nests upon the rocky cliffs. 

And insects too. You would not expect to find 
them here. But when the snow melts and the ground 
thaws they come out by the millions, especially the 
mosquitoes. 

Farther south are the otter, the ermine, the beaver, 
the mink, the lynx, deer, moose, the hedge hog, the 
mountain sheep and goat, grizzly bear, and other 
animals that are found in the northern part of the 
United States. 

Now let us leave this cheerless region and return to 
Vancouver. We find the country through which we 
travel almost destitute of human beings. A solitary 
Indian, or a hunter or trapper sometimes crosses our 
path. It is not a pleasant or safe journey, for in the 
woods are panthers and huge fierce grizzly bears, 
ready and anxious for a fight. 

THE MOOSE. 

What a frightful noise! It sounds like the roar of 
a lion, yet that cannot be. There are no lions here. 
Ah! There comes an old hunter. Let us ask him. 
He tells us that it is the moose, that it is sometimes 
tamed by the Hudson Bay men of the northwest. 
They use it as the reindeer, as it is fleeter and more 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 19 

crafty. The full grown moose is the size of a large 
horse. It is five feet high and weighs from 1,000 to 
1,200 pounds. 

His antlers are a sight to see, measuring five feet 
from root to tip. These are east each year and a new 
sst formed. The head and antlers sell for quite a 
sum. The skin is used in making moccasins. 

The bellow of the moose can be heard for two or 
three miles. He browses on leaves and twigs and 
likes the lily roots growing at the bottom of the 
ponds. 

During the heat of summer he stands at mid-day 
in water in some quiet cove or inland lake, cooling his 
feet, and safe from flies. Seen thus^ he appears 
motionless; but his eye is intent on every intruder. In 
October he is dangerous to approach. Later in the 
autumn, he herds with his fellows. A ''moose-yard" 
is then a bonanza for the hunter, generally an Indian 
or a half-breed, who may lay in his winter supply of 
meat, to be used fresh as long as the frost lasts, or 
smoked for later use. 

We will soon be able to see one of these big animals 
if we will go with this hunter to the trading post. 
It is the only building one can find in this countr}^ 

FUR TRADING POST. 

Do you know what such a post means? It is a sta- 
tion for the purchase of skins from the Indians and 
other hunters. All through this cold country from the 
Rocky Mountains to the coast of Labrador, these posts 
are scattered, for Canada is one of the greatest fur pro- 
ducing coimtries in the world. 



20 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 




A KIPPEWA MOOSE. 



Let us enter this building. Tt seems to be a store. 
The agent in charge is buying some skins which an 
Indian has just brought in to sell. He pays for the 
skins with rifles, powder and shot, knives, blankets 
and other articles they value. 

The hunter's life is a hard one. He must tramp 
through the snow perhaps a hundred or two hundred 



A LILTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 21 

miles from his hunting ground to the post. He must 
carry upon his back a supply of food and a blanket 
in which to wrap himself at night, and draw on 
a sled his furs and camping outfit. 

When an Indian selects a hunting ground he pitches 
his wigwam and then sets his traps. He visits these 
traps every few days, collects the bodies of the animals 
caught and re-sets the traps. 

If the hunting ground does not prove to be a good 
one he must break camp and tramp another hundred 
miles in hope of better luck. 

Now the Indians depart and we will ask the agent 
to tell us something about his work. Does he ever get 
lonely out there? Yes, very lonely. Sometimes he 
does not see a white man for six months, or even a 
year. The work is not pleasant, but then it pays well 
and he hopes to be a rich man some day and leave 
this lonesome place. How does he dispose of his furs? 
During the summer when the ice is partly melted in 
the Hudson Bay, ships from England bring supplies to 
the trading posts on the bay and take away the skins 
that have been bought. The company that employs 
him, employs hundreds of other agents and Indians. 
This company controls the trade of the country and 
ships millions of furs to London every year. It has 
done a great deal for Canada, for it has opened up 
much of the country for settlement. 

We will be able to buy fine fur garments much 
cheaper in Canada than at home, and so we decide to 
supply ourselves with coats, hats and collars before 
returning to the States. 



22 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

OVER THE ROCKIES. 

The Canadian Pacific Railway will take us from Van- 
couver on the Pacific Coast entirely across the continent 
to St. John, New Brunswick. As we leave Vancouver 
and look out of the car window to the right, we see far 
below us the deep set inlet. Here and there are vil- 
lages with mills, and wharves where ocean steamships 
and sailing craft are loading with sawn timber for all 




SALMON FLkliT— KRASKK RIVER. 



parts of the world. On the left are gigantic trees; 
twenty, thirty, and even forty feet round. 

At Port Moody the line swerves to the left through 
a mighty forest. Now we are out of it. Look! There 
lies the mighty Fraser River; and, far beyond, the 
white crest of Mt. Baker. 

Gradually the canyons and clifTs approach. Here 
and there are rude Indian farms. Across the broad 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 23 

river, as we draw near Yale, is an Indian village. 
What are those men doing down by the river side? 
They are washing the gravel for gold. Are they In- 
dians? No, they are Chinamen. Indians would starve 
at the business. 

At Yale we have reached the head of navigation on 
the lower Fraser. Now we are at the entrance to the 
Fraser canyon. The railway passes from tunnel to 
bridge, and from bridge to tunnel. Looking down we 
catch sight of ponderous masses of rock, polished like 
black glass, obstructing the foaming current of the 
river. 

At North Bend we leave the cars to lunch at the 
Fraser Canyon House. Gathered round the pretty 
little hotel are many Siwashes. They are undersized 
specimens of Indians with heads, mouths and nostrils 
broad almost to deformity. Many bear the marks of 
smallpox. They live by fishing and doing chores for 
white men. They are industrious, goodnatured and 
law-abiding. 

The wooden cottages of these Indians differ from 
those of white men chiefly in odor. There is generally 
a sort of verandah,' which is used as a safe for valuables 
and as a pantry for fish, ancient and modern. Just 
look at that Kloochman, or squaw. What is that on 
her back? It is a ' ^moss-bag." What has she got in 
it? A papoose. The baby is bound in bands of bark. 
It moves only its eyes. It never cries, at least it 
didn't while we were there. 

The dusk is gathering as we resume our journey. 
We can just make out that the canyon alternately 
widens and narrows as we hasten upwards. We rush 



\ 



24 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

into a tunnel and, after emerging in safety, cross the 
Fraser river. 

Let us find out something about this man Fraser, 
after whom is named the mighty river we have seen 
all day. 

In his journal he relates how, while in the employ 
of the North Western Fur Company, he crossed from 
the headwaters of the Peace River, and found and fol- 
lowed what he believed to be the upper part of the 
Columbia River. With great difficulty he descended in 
canoes its unknown canyons, constantly resisted by 
hostile Indians; and exposed to starvation as well as 
violent death in many forms. It is a marvel how 
even his hardy voyageurs were able to hold out. He 
forced his way down those gorges which we passed 
through today, and at last reached tide-water only to 
learn that it was not the Columbia, but a new river, 
which the world has called after his name. 

The hostility of the Indians became so aggressive 
that he was compelled to turn back without seeing — 
though he had smelt — the salt water, and fight his way 
homeward. Few explorers have better earned their 
honors than Fraser and his men. 

We are up before six o'clock, and go to the rear end 
of the car for a breath of fresh air. The sun is rising 
above the eastern hills. How cool and bracing the air 
feels, perhaps a ^little bit '^ nippy." Let us put on 
something warmer. 

We are at Sicamous Junction, 335 miles from Van- 
couver. No wonder the air is sharp; we are now at an 
altitude of 1300 feet. Below us lies the Great Shuswap 
Lake. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 25 

Down to the southward He the Kootenay and Nel- 
son Districts, studded with mines and mining towns 
down to the very Boundry country. 

Did you notice that curious looking canoe at Sica- 
mous Junction? That was a Kootenay canoe. It was 
built for the rushing rivers of the Kooteney region, 
where the ordinary canoe would be unmanageable. 
Its ends are low and pointed; but instead of turning 
up in the graceful prow and stern characteristic of the 
eastern birch-bark, they turn down and reach fore and 
aft in long points underneath the water-line, like the 
ram of a modern ironclad. Th!s gives the light vessel 
a hold upon the water, and renders it manageable in the 
fierce currents of the Columbia and the Kootenay. 

Now we descend; the grade is easy. We are amazed 
to find that at Revelstoke, only nine miles from Clan- 
william, we have climbed down 520 feet. 

We are at the base of the Selkirks. An observation 
car, open as a varandah, has been attached to the 
train. 

At Albert Canyon we find that we have ascended 
1400 feet in the last hour. Just east of the station, 
the train runs suddenly between the rocky walls of a 
short tunnel-like cutting, and halts beside an awful 
chasm. Between the rails and the precipitous brink 
stout balconies have been built. We leave the train, 
and lean over to look down. Nearly 300 feet below 
roars and rushes a sea-green, foamy river compressed 
between rocks into a twenty-feet-wide flume. 

Twenty miles farther on, and 1300 feet higher, is the 
great glacier of the Selkirks. Shall we stop over a day, 
and see what a glacier is like? Later on in the season 



26 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 




GREAT GLACIER OF THE SEEK IRKS. 

we should have to face an army of mosquitos. As yet, 
however, insect hfe is dormant. On the lawn at 
Glacier House the grass makes a brave show in sunny 
spots. 

But we have come to see the glacier. It be- 
gins about two miles from the station. The 
moraines and splintered forests at its foot give us a 
hint of its destructive power. It advances every year; 
but only a few inches. The hotel is safe for ten years 
yet. 

Eighteen miles broad is the glacier of the Selkirks; 
but we shall be content if we reach the foot of it. We 
can guess what the rest is like. 

The road from the hotel leads through woods of fir 
and spruce and balsam and tamarack. Here you 




A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 27 

might meet a grizzly, and not be so much surprised as 
you might suppose. The great boulder, hurled down 
by the glacier in the childhood of the earth, is called 
the Lover's Seat. 

Now we pause at the edge of the glacier torrent, 
Illecillewaet. The path crosses and recrosses the river 
over bridges of tree trunks. As 
the path mounts, the outlook widens 
over giant boulders and blasted 
pines. Now we have reached the 
forefoot of the glacier. A turn of 
the road brings us close to a mass 
of ice 2,500 feet high and hun- 
dreds of feet thick. From be- 
neath its edge Irinkle tiny rills. A few feet below 
they league and become a stream. The glacier fills 
the mountain gorge as the falls fill the gorge at Niag- 
ara. The crest is gashed and splintered into innumera- 
able crevasses. The cold is intense; let us go back. 

Just east of the Glacier House is a long snow-shed — 
the finest on the line, they tell us. We do not pass 
through it, but along an outer track used in summer 
time. It is at this portion of the line that the snow 
gives most trouble in the winter. 

Snow-sheds are fortifications against the artillery of 
the mountains — the dread avalanches that follow the 
forest fires; for, when once the trees are burnt off these 
steep slopes, there is nothing to hinder the snow from 
sliding down. In summer the roof of the snow-shed 
forms a popular promenade. 

We resume our journey. Two miles from Glacier 
we cross the summit of the Selkirk range, at an alti- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 31 

tilde of 4,890 feet. A little beyond is Roger's Pass, a 
valley reserved by the government as a national park. 

At short intervals we cross noble cascades on timber 
bridges of tremendous height. Notice that man far 
down the slope. He is one of the watchmen whose 
duty it is to examine the bridges day and night to see 
that no flaw develops in the massive timbers. 

We are climbing down fast. Presently we cross the 
Columbia — here a fine broad river sweeping round the 
base of the mountain range we have just left. For 
twenty miles we skirt its banks, with the rugged Rock- 
ies on the left and the steepled Selkirks on the right. 

On we go up the side of the Van Home range of the 
Rockies to Field. Here we stop for an hour for 
supper at the Mount Stephen House. Neither servants 
nor hotel manager, it is said, ever stay here long. They 
are afraid of going melancholy mad. Mount Stephen 
weighs upon their spirits. High above the hotel it 
rises sheer from the flat bed of the Wapta. It is an 
evil giant guarding the vast treasures of silver hidden 
within its ribs. 

The westering sun is gilding the great glacier on its 
crest as we board the train again. 

We labor up the last heights of the Rockies, the 
heavy snorts of the locomotive echoing loudly among 
the giant firs that shut in the track. In an hour we 
cross the summit at an altitude of 5,296 feet, and 
begin the descent of the Atlantic slope. 

LAKE LOUISE. 

Far above the line to the right nestles a trio of snow- 
fed lakes, cold, dim and deep — the Lakes in the Clouds. 



32 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 




LAKE LOUISE AND CHALET. 

Two and a half miles from Laggan station is the first 
and loveliest of these — Lake Louise. It lies in a hol- 
low between two mountains, one of which rises in 
a perpendicular wall 2,000 feet above the water, which 
has a wonderful hue of green. All around are vast, 
dark pine woods. Upon the nearer margin stands a 
picturesque Chalet hotel. 

BANFF. 

As night is falhng we reach the Banff Hot Springs. 
From the station a drive of ten minutes through a 
whispering forest of small pine trees brings us to the 
Canadian Pacific Hotel, a stately pile built upon a ter- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



33 



race ov^erlooking the confluence of the Spray and the 
Bow rivers. 

From this as a center can be seen to the best advan- 
tage the panorama of the National Park, a reservation 




BANFF HOT SPRINGS. 



twenty-six miles long by ten miles wide. The hotel is 
four stories high. As there are elevators, the top story 
is the best from which to view the surrounding scenery. 
Over there, to the southeast, is Sulphur Mountain, 
with its healing springs, whose virtues are attested by 
the crutches festooning the bath-house. At the gov- 
ernment baths for twenty-five cents one gets a bath 
and towels. These sulphur baths are not only a sov- 



34 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

ereign remedy for rheumatism; they afford a delicious 
tonic. The temperature is about 80 deg. Fah. 

Next in attraction to the baths, come driving to the 
Devil's lake and canoeing on the Vermilion lakes. A 
row on the Bow river is an event to be remembered. 
The mountains change with every turn of the curving 
stream. There is strength, majesty and glory every- 
where. The peaks rise straight to the sky. 

The glaciers under the sun's rays fill with crimson 

and gold light. The river is deep and clear. The boat 

glides on over the deeps like a thing 

ii of air. Mountains come and go in 

A ^ J silence. Cascades thunder through 

^^'"^\<^- the still air. Far aloft a solitary 

^i(fmi||^^ eagle wings its flight to the distant 

::^^Si^^fp "^ summits. Here and there the dark 

'^'—'^^^^j^ S ^ form of an Indian crosses the line 

"^ of sight. 

Banff is the place to see fantastic rocks. Northward 

the Cascade Mountain is a glorious pyramid of bare 

rock. Castle Mountain recalls pictures of the feudal 

castles on the Rhine. Beyond lies the saw-back range, 

with ragged rims and pinnacles. Eastward towers the 

sharp cone of Peechee, 10,000 feet high. Westward 

gleam the snowy central heights of the Main range. 

The isolated bluff to the south is Tunnel mountain, and 

just behind the station Rundle Peak cuts off all further 

view in that direction. 

CALGARY. 

Past Anthracite, with its great coal mines, and Can- 
more, with its Three Sisters — the last peaks of the 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



35 



Rockies — through the Gap, we reach Calgary. This is 
the center of the trade of the northern part of the 
great ranching country, and the chief source of supply 
for the mining districts in the mountains we have just 
left. Here we meet with the stalwart, red-coated, top- 




COKE OVENS AT FERNIE, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 



booted troopers of the mounted police — the ''Riders 
of the Plains." They are really soldiers, but they act 
also as magistrates, sheriffs, detectives, town consta- 
bles, customs officers, license inspectors, fire wardens, 
court clerks, crown-timber agents, health officers, hide 
inspectors, game wardens, relief officers, crown prose- 
cutors, food inspectors and mail carriers. Their beat 
covers a country that measures one thousand miles 
from east to west and two thousand from north to 
south. They are well paid, well fed, well dressed, well 
armed and well horsed. Within their sphere no train 



36 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

robberies have ever taken place, nor any lynchings. 
Law reigns supreme. 

RAIRIE LAND. 

One last, backward look at the Rockies, one hundred 
and fifty miles away, and we turn to face prairie land. 
But for more than a hundred miles we steam across the 
cattle plains. The country is broken, with lakes and 
ponds in the depressions. Here the buffalo used to 
roam. Here, in their place, we see Galloway cattle in 
vast herds. On the surface the pastures are rich with 
springing grass; they are richer still below with coal 
measures and natural gas. 

At Moose jaw we enter at last upon the prairies. 
Look at the dark, plowed fields, and the fresh green of 
spring wheat, and the thin columns of smoke rising 
from distant farm-houses. We are in a land inhabited. 
Ask this prosperous-looking farmer in the car with us 
something of his history. He tells us that he migrated 
from Ontario with nothing but his hands and his deter- 
mination to make a living. He came out on a laborer's 
cheap excursion train. He hired out for the summer 
for forty dollars a month and board. He saved most 
of his wages. He prospected a little for himself. He 
discovered a fertile tract of land near a stream. With 
the help of his neighbors he built a house. 

What kind of a house? He tells us that, too. First 
came a foundation of oak logs; oak never rots with 
the damp. On that were laid poplar logs, cut from 
the banks of the stream. The chinks between the logs 
were filled with bits of board, and then the walls were 
plastered with clay, that soon hardens and keeps the 




A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 37 

wind completely out. The roof was of British Colum- 
bia shingles. There were just two 
rooms, one in each story, and a lad-#J 
der made a capital staircase. The 
house once built, and a few acres 
broken up and seeded down in wheat,^^ 
our farmer went back to marry a 
wife and bring her to the new home. 

While his wheat was ripening he planted enough 
potatoes to carry them over the winter. His wheat 
was harvested. Some of it was sold for farm machin- 
ery, a horse and a cow with calf. A barn was built 
to shelter the cattle. In the winter he went to the 
nearest town to work till April. Then he came home, 
broke up more land, sowed more wheat, raised a larger 
crop, bought more cattle, and was able to stay at home 
all winter. In six years he had become comfortably 
well off, had paid for everything, and was able to hire 
labor. This is a great w^heat country. The prairie 
soil is so rich that for sixty years wheat has been raised 
in the same fields without dressing. In the wheat ker- 
nel here there are three grains, while farther south 
there are but two. So, thirty bushels of wheat can 
be thrashed from an acre here, when only twenty can 
be grown on an acre of land farther south. 

PRAIRIE INDIANS. 

At many of the stations we notice little groups of 
Indians in mocassins and blankets. Some are pleasant, 
sensible-looking men and women. Most have buffalo 
horns to sell to the passengers. Though the buffalo is 
extinct, except for a few specimens in the National 




38 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

Park and at Stony Mountain, near Winnipeg, yet these 
Indians know where to find the skeletons and horns. 
They ask a dollar a pair, but they will take less if we 
can spare time to bargain. 

Though there are so many tribes, 
differing in language and in man- j,"~ 
ners, yet in religion they are one 
from Labrador to the Pacific coast. 
All believe in spirits — spirits which 
inhabit earth, air, water and animals. 
Their protection must be sought; 
their vengeance must be avoided. 

What kind of idols have they? 

None at all. They make no images of these spirits. 
They pay special reverence to the sun and moon, and 
to one Great Spirit under different names. 

Do they believe in a future life? 

The conductor tells us there is an Indian Chief on 
board this train. Let us get an introduction to him 
and ask him. His name is Big Plume. He is a Black- 
feet Chief. 

This is what Big Plume thinks becomes of the soul 
after death: 

''The souls of all Blackfeet Indians go to the Sand- 
hills, north of the Cyprus hills, and east of the Black- 
feet country." 

''How do you know?" 

"At a distance we can see them hunting buffalo, and 
we can hear them talking and praying, and inviting 
one another to their feasts. In summer we often go 
there, and we see the trails of the spirits, and the 
places where they have been camping. I have been 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 39 

there myself and have seen them, and heard them 
beating their drums. We can see them in the distance, 
but when we get near to them they vanish. I cannot 
say whether or not they see the Great Spirit. I beheve 
they will live forever. All the Blackfeet believe this; 
also the Sarces, Stonies, Atsinas and Crees. The 
Crees, after death, will go to the Sandhills further 
north. There will still be fighting between the Crees 
and the Blackfeet in the other world. Dogs and horses 
go to the Sandhills, too; also the spirits of dead buffa- 
loes. We hand these beliefs down to our children. 
We point out to our children various places where 
Napi, the Great Spirit, slept, or walked, or hunted; 
and thus our children remember. 

To-day the majority of the Canadian Indians are 
Christians. Of the one hundred thousand Indians in 
the Dominion, nearly ten thousand are pupils in the 
281 schools -set apart for their instruction. Many 
Indians have become progressive farmers. In the 
Province of Ontario th^y cultivate over 50,000 acres, 
and last year raised nearly half a million bushels of 
grain, besides other farm produce. By their fish and 
fur sales alone the Indians throughout Canada raise 
yearly a million and a half of dollars. 

Let us look at one of their wigwams. Not one of 
those to be seen on the outskirts of any of the prairie 
towns, but one in the northern forests far from the 
presence of the white man, on the slopes that lead 
down to Hudson's Bay. It w^ill take us a little out of 
our way, but we shall be repaid by the knowledge that 
we have seen the red man's dwelling unmarred by white 
influence. It is ]\Iay by the calendar, but spring is 
still far away. 



40 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



We are in the depths of a forest of spruce and bal- 
sam, with a sprinkling of birch and aspen. The 
ground between the trunks of the trees is of dazzhng 
whiteness, beside which the green of the firs looks 
black. All round is a tangle of trees standing or fallen. 
Where we are it is somewhat more open, and bears 
evidence of having been used as a camping ground. 
Stumps just showing above the snow and bearing 



^-l^^^r^^f - . 




W IGWA.M. 



marks of the axe speak of many a good camp fire. 
Snow-shoe tracks show where the Indians have been 
for firewood, or to visit their snares and traps. At 
this hour we are sure to find them in their wigwams. 
Here is one just in front of us. It is a cone or sugar- 
loaf, ten feet high to the apex where the poles cross. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 41 

and then project two or three feet beyond. It is about 
fourteen feet in diameter at the ground. Five-sixths 
of this cone from the ground is covered with deerskins 
or birch bark, cotton or sailcloth, with a deep, soft 
outer covering of moss, leaving the top open for the 
smoke. Round this tent, hung on the trees or on 
poles, you see snowshoes, tapanasks or toboggans, per- 
haps some fur and other articles which you would 
expect to see in a wardrobe or larder. But, come in 
to get w^arm; it is no joke standing here, with the 
thermometer away down. We are sure of a welcome. 
What is that? Don't be afraid. Just give a kick or 
a stroke with your stick. No; they are not wolves, 
only dogs. They are useful for hauling or hunting, 
but it is little in the way of thanks that they get from 
their masters. Poor fellows ! They are used to being 
beaten, and, for all their show of ferocity, will crawl 
away if you show a determined front. 

Now, then, stoop low; lift up that hanging flap of 
blanket, and enter! Ah, yes; but the dog has slunk 
in between your legs ! At once there is a shout of 
" wuluwee !" (get out), and a grabbing for sticks, 
hghted or not, no matter, with which to belabor him. 
Never mind the smoke in your eyes. Sit, kneel or 
squat on the brush floor, or on the skin which the host 
spreads for you. When the door-flap is adjusted it is 
not so bad; most of the smoke will go straight out at 
the top. 

Well, it is fairly warm in here, if not very clean or 
comfortable. You must not expect cleanliness with 
six to ten persons living in the tent, and the weather 
so cold that they hate to go outside to do any house- 



42 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

hold work. Skinning, cleaning, cooking game, eating 
and washing up, as well as personal toilet, all goes on 
within the wigwam. Too often the floor is scullery, 
sink and refuse heap. The dogs, however, do not 
allow much to lie there long. 

But you cannot complain of a lack of welcome. 
The owner of the tent is not talkative, but he means 
his ' 'what cheer," which his forefathers adopted from 
the Hudson's Bay sailors. He probably addsi'^iVe 
sikelasin" (''I am glad to see you.") 

How many people are there in the wigwam? Let 

us see. There is the old man and his wife, his son, 

with wife and children, three boys and two girls. 

Besides, there is a funny, chrysalis-looking object, 

laced up and strapped to a board, with only a fat 

face, and two black, beady eyes showing. That is the 

baby, in its moss bag and cradle. The old man can 

read, and so can the older children. Wrapped up in 

moose skin, they have Bible and prayer-books and 

hymn books. They are all Christians. In fact there 

is not a heathen Indian within five hundred miles of 

Hudson's Bay. 

WINNIPEG. 

Here we are at Winnipeg, where the forests end and 
the prairies begin. With thousands of miles of river, 
navigation to the north, south and west, and with rail- 
ways radiating in every direction, Winnipeg has 
become the commercial metropolis of the Canadian 
northwest. 

THE FOREST REGION. 

We have left prairie land behind ns. Now we enter 
the eastern division of the Dominion. It extends 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 43 

from Ontario to Nova Scotia. It contains the greater 
part of the wealth and population. It is the forest 
section. 

As we pass through the Rainy River district we see 
few evidences of the presence of man. Vast, unbroken 
woods stretch mile upon mile. The streams we cross 
are running north-east to join the Albany River and 
fall into James' Bay. Now we are at the height 
of land. The waters begin to run south to Lake Su- 
perior, the greatest fresh water lake on earth. It is a 
land of streams. They furnish highways for the saw 
logs and will soon furnish power for the saw mills and 
the pulp mills rapidly being established at centers like 
R,at Portage. 

We have reached Fort William. Here in the days 
of the Hudson's Bay Company, the factors, traders 
and voyageurs used to meet once a year to settle ac- 
counts, feast and plan the work for the coming year. 
The fur house of the old fort is now the engine house 
or the great coal docks and the capacious elevators. 
Here are stored the crops of the North- West for ship- 
ment by lake and canal to Buffalo and Montreal. 

As the the C. P. R. steamers are not running yet, 
we continue by railway round the head of Lake Su- 
perior. Bordering the line the region seems a waste 
of rocks, the rubbish of a world. But a few miles 
north the endless, unbroken forest holds the ground. 

Richer and more enduring in value than the gold 
mines of the Yukon are the forests of Ontario and 
Quebec. In felling timber and rafting it, fifty thous- 
and men are constantly employed, while hundreds of 
vessels are busy carrying Canadian logs, lumber and 
square timber to the ends of the earth. 



44 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

THE USE OF SNOW. 

Did you ever ask yourself what is the use of snow? 
Many answers may be given. In the forest regions we 
can see at once its enormous value. Snow is the only 
possible roadway in the mountain forest and in the low- 
land wood. Snow is the railway which Nature lays 
down every winter from the foot of every pine tree to 
the river that, when the ice breaks up, carries the logs 
to the saw mills in the centers of the lumber industry. 

A VISIT TO THE NICKEL MINE5. 

At Sudbury we stop to pay a visit to the famous 
nickel mines. 

Look at this long, narrow piece of shining metal. It 
came out of one of the Copper Cliff mines. Surely, 
there is gold in it, and silver, too? No, but it contains 
ores almost as valuable. It is a specimen of the nick- 
el and copper ore that has made Sudbury famous. In 
no other part of the world is nickel to be found in such 
quantities. 

Take up the specimen, examine it closely. What 
looks like gold in it is really copper; and what looks 
like silver is a rarer metal, nickel. An alloy of two 
and a half per cent of nickel doubles the strength of 
steel. 

Wherever strength and tenacity are required, as in 
armor for battle ships, in bridges and rails and in great 
guns, nickel must be employed. 

Now notice those faint greenish lines running 
through the metal. They indicate sulphur. This is 
burned out on the great roasting beds that we shall 
take a look at presently. There is iron in this speci- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 45 

men, too; but you can hardly detect its presence by 
the eye. 

These nickel mines and their surroundings are worth 
inspecting. There is no gas to be feared. The air is 
fresh and pure. On the surface, smelters are at work 
night and day. Far down below, men are drill- 
ing into the heart of the rock, charging, touching the 
fuse, and then clearing out until a voice cries from 
some safe corner: ''AH over." Then the drilling goes 
on again. The skips laden with ore race up and down. 
The feeders bend to their work, shovelling now ore, 
now coke, into the great furnaces. The flames leap, 
roaring for more. The ore and coke buggies roll in- 
cessantly, dumping as fast as the furnace men can 
attend to them, There is not an idle moment. 

SAULT SAINTE flARIE. 

Now let us take the branch line of the C. P. R. to 
the ''Soo" as the Sault Ste. Marie people call their 
town. 

A few years ago the town was on the verge of bank- 
ruptcy. In order to attract manufacturing industries 
it had saddled itself with a large debt, incurred 
in building a waterpower canal. The people were dis- 
couraged. Property was being sold for taxes. Citi- 
zens who could, left the place. How different is the 
position to-day ! To what is the change for the better 
due? To the advent of J. H. Clergue, a New I^ng- 
lander from the State of Maine. The story of what 
he has accomplished reads like an extract from the 
''Swiss Family Robinson." 

Mr. Clergue and his associates bought the water- 



46 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

power canal at its cost to the town. With Lake Su- 
perior for a mill-pond there is no danger of drought. 
He enlarged the canal to a capacity of twenty thous- 
and horse-power, and contracted to supply the town 
with electric power and light. 

Still, most of the power was running to waste. 
What could he do with it? There were thickly wood- 
ed uplands. Could not something be done with them? 
What were the trees? Spruce mostly. What is 
spruce good for? Pulp for making paper. He sent 
an army of choppers into the woods to cut down the 
trees. He set his power in motion. Huge grindstones 
revolved, gripping the spruce logs, and grinding them 
into a pulpy mass. This was shipped away to the 
paper mills. 

But fifty per cent, of the pulp consisted of Lake 
Superior water, and paying freight on it was not a 
good investment. Could he not keep this water at 
the Soo, and ship the pulp dry? After many experi- 
ments he invented a process for drying the pulp. 

He built a foundry and machine shops to carry out 
his invention; and today the Soo pulp mills are not 
only the largest in the world, but they are the only 
mills on the continent in which dry pulp is manufac- 
tured. 

But mechanical pulp is the crudest form of paper 
making material. It can be utilized in the manufac- 
ture of only the coarsest grades of paper. To pro- 
duce higher grades it must be blended with chemical 
pulp. But sulphur, the main ingredient in the manu- 
facture of chemical pulp, would have to be imported, 
and Mr. Clergue had resolved to import nothing. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 47 

He happened to hear that the nickel and copper ore 
of the Sudbury mines contained a large per centage of 
sulphur, which was being absolutely wasted in the 
course of treatment adopted by the Canada Copper 
Company. He secured samples of the ore. He ex- 
perimented. At last he discovered a method of pro- 
ducing ferro-nickel steel, and as a by-product, sul- 
phuric acid and sulphurous anhydride. 

Upon this discovery he bought the Gertrude nickel 
mine near Sudbury. Now he had an ample supply of 
ore for ferro-nickel steel and of sulphuric acid for mak- 
ing chemical pulp. 

He built a sulphite mill. There the sulphur saved 
goes to make the raw material required in the manu- 
facture of chemical pulp; and also produces sulphuric 
acid, sulphurous anhydride and sulphurous acid, all 
three marketable products. 

His ferro-nickel steel was sent to manufacturers, 
and proved so superior to every other grade in the 
market that the great Krupp firm contracted to buy 
all he could possibly turn out. 

Finding that the percentage of nickel in the steel 
made by him was much higher than called for in his 
contract, he cast about for an iron ore to smelt with 
the nickel. 

He discovered at Michipicoton, within easy reach 
of the Soo, deposits of red and brown hematite iron, 
probably the largest in the world. 

This was the very thing he required. 

He acquired the property in which the lodes lay. 
He opened the mines, built docks for the shipment of 
the ore, and barges for its conveyance to the Soo. 



48 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

He erected blast furnaces, with an output of over a 
thousand tons a day, and giving employment to three 
thousand men. 

But in the winter the barges are useless. There 
must be a railway to bring the ore down. 

That railway is being built. Soon it will tap Hud- 
son's Bay. There seagoing steamers will bear the pro- 
ducts of his pulp mills and blast furnaces and sulphite 
mills to the markets of Europe . 

The government of Canada has made him ample land 
grant; and he has undertaken to settle ten thousand 
farmers and agricultural laborers every year upon 
farms laid out along the route of his railway. 

HOW PULP IS HADE. 

In August the wood crews, from six hundred to 
seven hundred men, are sent into the forest. The 
trees are cut down and skidded in piles. When snow 
comes, the logs are drawn from the skidways, and laid 
upon the ice covering the larger streams. In spring 
the logs are steered to the lake shore, where they are 
bound together and towed in rafts of about five 
thousand cords each. At the mill each log is sawn 
into lengths of twenty-four inches. It then passes to 
the barker, the sharp revolving knives of which soon 
strip it of its covering. The bark is blown to the 
boiler house, and furnishes the steam for drying the 
manufactured pulp. The stock next passes through 
water to free it of all impurities, and is then carried to 
the grinders to be separated into small fibres. 

The wet pulp passes into a metal receptacle, and is 
caught up and evenly distributed on a revolving blan- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



49 




50 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

ket, from which it passes between metal rollers, which 
subject it to a pressure of 500 pounds to the square 
inch. After emerging from the rollers it is fifty per cent, 
water and fifty per cent. pulp. It then passes over a 
steam-heated metal drum, and is rolled on a spindle, a 
continuous sheet of thin, dry, pressed pulp, resembling 
coarse wrapping paper. 

We are back again on the main line of the C. P. R. 
Three hundred miles to the south of. us lie the cities of 
Toronto, Hamilton and London; centers of commerce, 
manufacture, and of higher education. But we cannot 
visit them. We hasten on to Mattawa and the High- 
lands of Ontario. From Mattawa a two hours' run 
brings us to Lake Temiscamingue, a body of water that 
stretches for seventy-five miles with a varying width of 
from one to three miles. It is the great link in the 
chain of waterways by which all parts of this region 
are reached. Here, and along the heights back of the 
Georgian Bay, is the chosen haunt of the moose. The 
moose likes to see where he is and who are his neigh- 
bors. He feels at home in a country well watered by 
small lakes and streams, with ridges and upheavals, as 
from these he obtains good views of the surrounding 
region. 

Moose are increasing rapidly, owing to the close 
season that has been established for some years, and 
to the protection afforded them by the rangers in Al- 
gonquin park. 

The park is a wise creation of the Ontario Provincial 
government. Out of the public domain they have set 
apart and withdrawn from sale and settlement a block 
1,733 square miles, of which 181 are covered by water. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 51 

This park consists of hilly and rocky land, covered 
with forests. It has many streams and lakes abounding 
in fish. Although equally magnificent cover for game 
may have been preserved before for royal sportsmen, 
it has never been preserved, in the Old World, for the 
^'benefit, advantage and enjoyment of the people." 

Already the protection afforded to wild animals has 
been rewarded. There are at least sixty places in the 
Park where familes of 

BEAVER 

have recently located themselves on waters where they 
have never before been found. 

The beaver is the largest gnawing animal in North 
America. His body is about three feet long, and his 
tail nine inches. He weighs, on an average, forty 
pounds. 

He is a great builder — the leading carpenter 
among animals. He lives in and about streams of 
water. His house is like a huge bird's nest turned up- 
side down. It is built in lakes or by the edge of dams 
and ponds, and is from eight to eighteen feet in 
diameter. 

The entrance to the house is generalty three feet be- 
low the level of the water. The chamber is rather 
low, about two feet in height, and has two levels. The 
lower level is a sloping mud bank, where the beaver 
emerges from the water and shakes himself; the other 
level is higher and contains the bed of boughs running 
round the back of the chamber. The couch is made 
comfortable by linings of dried grass and soft bark. 
The interior is kept perfectly clean, no refuse of food 
being allowed to remain. 



52 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



When the water is not deep enough in the stream, 
the beavers build a dam to hold the water back, and 
thus make it deeper. The dam is made of bushes and 
poles set in the mud, the space between being filled 




THE BEAVER. 

in with stones and earth. It is two feet wide at the 
top and thicker below. 

If the length is not very great, it is built straight 
across the stream; but where the channel is broader, 
and the current swift, the dam curves up-stream, so 
as to make it stronger. The mud and stones are 
brought up from the bottom of the stream, and carried 
by the beaver under its chin in its forepaws. The 
beaver can gnaw through trunks of trees six and even 
twelve inches in diameter. After the tree falls, the 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 53 

beaver cuts it into suitable lengths of six or ten feet, 
and drags them, one at a time, away to the house or 
dam. 

The beaver uses its broad tail as a help in swimming^ 
Its food consists of the bark of the willow, poplar and 
birch, and the roots of the yellow pond lily. It feeds 
in the evening and during the night. At this time 
it works at house-building. Beavers are so timid and 
cautious that it is very difficult to watch them. 
What we know about their habits has been learned 
chiefly from the Indians. 




THE NOTCH OF THE MONTREAL RIVER. 

THE MONTREAL RIVER. 

Lake Temiscamingue receives the waters of many 
rivers throughout its length. The largest of these is 



54 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

the Montreal river. Just before entering the lake it 
narrows into a seemingly impassable strait called the 
'^Notch." 

About thirty miles north of Lake Temiscamingue is 
the Kippewa river. It flows from Lake Kippewa, fal- 
ling 300 feet in the nine miles of its length. The falls 
of the Kippewa are situated three miles from its mouth. 
Lake Kippewa lies directly east of Lake Temiscamin- 
gue. It is dotted with innumerable islets, and its 
arms spread out in every direction, giving it a coast 
line of about six hundred miles. 

THE FREE GRANT LAND. 

In the township around Lake Temiscamingue there 
is plenty of Free Grant Land. Any man can take up 
a hundred acres and in three years receive the deeds 
for his farm from the government, on condition of 
clearing six acres, building a house and living in it. 

Let us take a walk through the bush and get a 
glimpse of a backwoods farm. We follow the track 
taken by the cows on their way to and fro between 
the barn and the rough pasture by the road side. The 
trees bordering our path are maples, basswood, ash and 
hemlock. Look down and see those anemones, violets 
and mocassin flowers. 

THE SETTLER'S HOHE. 

The trees are beginning to thin out. Now we have 
come to a clearing. The log shanty perched upon a knoll 
is the settler's home. Near- by is a tiny barn. A few 
acres are fenced in, and are under cultivation. At 
first sight, stumps appear to be the crop; certainly 
there are hosts of them. But, look, they are decay- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



55 



ing; their hearts are powdery dust. Soon they will dis- 
appear. 

See, there is the owner of the farm plowing among 
the stumps with a yoke of oxen. Horses have not pa- 
tience enough for the frequent stoppages caused by the 
plow-point getting entangled in the roots. The soil 
is easily worked. It is black, loose and fertile. It 
will reward the farmer's labor with from twenty-five 
to forty bushels of wheat to the acre. 

Let us ask the farmer for a drink of water. He 
will tell us what we want to know. 

THE SHANTY. 

The farm house, or shanty, is very simple. There 
is not a single nail in it, or a piece of iron in any form 




UPPER HALF OF BIG CHUTE, KIPPEWA RIVER. 



56 A LITTLE JOURNF.Y TO CANADA. 

whatever. The axe was the only tool employed in 
building it. So the farmer tells us. 

Four sides of great logs, laid at right angles to each 
other at the corners, form the walls. The front is one 
log higher than the rear. The roof is made of bass 
wood logs, split in the center and scooped out with the 
axe. There is a door cut out in front, and a window 
large enough for four small panes of glass. The door 
and the hinges of it, and the floor, were all made with 
the axe by the settler, out of white basswood, split 
and made into thin planks. The seams of the walls 
are filled with chinking, over which is a thick covering 
of clay inside and out. The cooking stove serves also 
to heat the house. Wood, of which there is a super- 
abundance, forms the fuel. On shelves are cups and 
plates. A cheap clock ticks cheerily. A large Bible lies 
on the window ledge. A picture of the Queen and an al- 
manac adorn the whitewashed walls. Screened off by 
curtains made of woven basswood bark are the beds 
of the family. A table and some stools complete the 
furniture. Outside, the barn is like the house, except 
for the chinking and clay filling between the logs. There 
is a loft for hay, and a manger of basswood, axe-hol- 
lowed, for the oxen. This is the pioneer's homestead. 
Where are his family ? 

MAPLE SUGAR. 

Look at that ox-wagon coming slowly towards us. 
Nobody seems to be driving. Ah, but look again. 
On a board in front sits a woman with a long gad in 
her hand. She has no reins, but she is the driver. 
The words: ''Haw Buck," or ''Gee Bright," guide the 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



57 



oxen to right or left. Behind the woman are three or 
four children. They are coming home, their faces 
smeared with taffy and bits of dead leaves. They 
have been making maple syrup. The great cauldron 
or kettle in the wagon is half full of it; and so are the 
children. 

In the morning that great cauldron or kettle was 
empty, they tell us. By the combined strength of the 
household it was hoisted into the wagon. Tapping 
gouges, spiles and troughes were added to the load. 
Then the mistress of the log house and the children, 
baby and all, crowded onto the rough vehicle drawn 
by a yoke of oxen. Laughing and shouting at the 
prospect of plenty of sugar, taffy and maple syrup, the 
party set out for the bush. 




NATURAL CANAL, LAKE KlPPEWA. 



58 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA, 



The night before had been a Httle frosty, they said, 
but the morning sun was bright and hot. When the 
axe was struck into the maple, how the sap gushed 
out! But first the kettle had been hung over a pole, 
and a fire of logs built under it. By the time the fire 
was ablaze, the buckets were half full of sap. How 
the little ones screamed with delight, as each with a 
tiny pail ran from tree to tree, gathering the sweet 




CAMPING. 



sap and emptying it into the cauldron. Soon steam 
began to rise. The sap began to change color. 
Then the children stopped carrying from the trees 
to watch the thickening sap in the kettle. At last 
their hopes were crowned. Skimmers, cups, plates 
were thrust in. Each tasted the sweet reward of 
toil. Now they were home again, tired and sleepy 
and happy. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



59 




60 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

OTTAWA. 

We bid our settler friends farewell, and walk back 
to the station. In the morning we find ourselves in 
Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion. It is with 
some difficulty that we are able to get rooms at the 
Russell House, for Parliament is sitting, and many 
of the members have their quarters here during the 
session. 

Ottawa owes its importance chiefly to the fact that 
it is the capital of the confederated provinces. It 
lies on the south shore of the Ottawa, just where the 
great river roars down into the cauldron of the Chau- 
diere Falls. At this point, also, the Ottawa is joined 
by its tributary the Rideau river, which flows in over 
a fall of wonderful beauty. The double, curtain-like 
falls gave the river its name of ^'Rideau" or curtain. 

The Ottawa river forms the boundary between the 

provinces of Ontario and Quebec. A suspension 

bridge unites the English with the French province^ 

one hundred yards below the Chaudiere, or cauldron 

falls. 

PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS. 

The Parliament buildings, standing on the bluffs of 
the Ottawa, make a fine display. Few groups of 
buildings anywhere are so pleasing to the eye. The 
buildings provide accommodation for the Senate and 
the House of Commons. The Library stands apart, 
but so near as to seem, from a little distance, to be 
one with them. 

The eastern, western and southern blocks are de- 
partmental buildings. They enclose a vast quadrangle 
laid out in walks, drives and spacious lawns. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 61 

When parliament is in session, as it is now, from the 
top of the tower of the main building flashes a pow- 
erful electric light, visible for twenty miles around. 

The chambers for the Senate and for the Commons 
are alike in size, shape and design. The carpets and 
upholstery in the Senate chamber are red; those of 
the House of Commons are green. 

In the popular house, galleries extend all round 
the chamber. Visitors are always welcome, they say: 
let us see if it be so. 

Canada is a self-governing nation. She can tax 
herself, and levy taxes as heavy as she chooses, 
upon the imports of any country, Great Britain in- 
cluded. All the taxes raised in Canada are spent 
in Canada, for the benefit of Canada. 

For a measure to become law, it must be passed 
both by the Senate and the House of Commons, and 
must receive the assent of the Crown. This is signi- 
fied by his Majesty's representative, the Governor- 
General. 

The members of the House of Commons, 213 in 
number, are elected for a term of five years. The 
members of the Senate, 81 in number, hold office 
for life. They are appointed nominally by the Crown, 
but really by the party in power. 

A VISIT TO THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 

But let us make our way up the hill to the House of 
Commons. We are courteously received and ushered 
into a gallery exactly opposite the Speaker. He is 
chairman of the House. In front of him, on a hand- 
some table, lies a glorified badge of office, called the 



62 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

mace. While that lies on the table, business may 
proceed. When it is not there, nothing can be 
done^ 

To the right of the Speaker sit the members of 
the ministry. They are the leaders of the party in 
power. Their chief is called the premier. A French- 
Canadian, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, has held the position 
since 1896. He is a self-made man. By pluck and 
perseverance he earned the money to put himself 
through college, and to be called to the bar. With his 
foot once upon the ladder he rose steadily. To-day 
he is the Right Hon., Sir Wilfrid Laurier, virtual ruler 
of Canada. 

The Governor General has a two-fold responsibility. 
He is the political head, under whom Canada governs 
herself; and he is the social head, under whose lead 
and example Canada tries to enjoy herself. His offic- 
ial residence is a large, rambling mass of buildings, 
named Rideau Hall. It stands among its gardens 
and grounds about two miles down the river from the 
House of Parliament. 

EDUCATION. 

There is a public school within a mile of every farm. 
The men who rule Canada to-day are, almost without 
exception, farmers' sons who have pushed their way 
to the front. On education every province in the 
Dominion spends sums exceedingly large when com- 
pared with the total revenue. The schools and the 
collegiate institutes are free, not as a gift from the rich 
to the poor, but because they are paid for by the 
people. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 63 

Agricultural colleges, paid for out of the taxes, are 
found in every province. Skilled instructors are sent 
yearly into every township to show the farmers and 
their wives the best and most modern methods in 
dairying, cheese-making, fruit growing and tillage. 

WINTER AMUSEMENTS. 

In winter the skating and curling rinks, and dizzy 
toboggan slides of Rideau Hall are freely shared with 
the public. 

The toboggan is the product of the Red Indian's un- 
tutored mind. While travelling over the snow on 
shoeshoes, he drags along his provisions, papooses and 
treasures on a toboggan. The toboggan is made of fiat 
hardwood boards, a quarter of an inch in thickness. 
Its average width is eighteen inches, and length eight 
feet. The bow is turned up and back to throw off 
the loose snow. Along the edges run light rods which 
serve as handle and stays, to which cross-pieces are 
bound to hold the boards together. The under side 
is polished to a high degree of smoothness, and 
the upper side is comfortably padded. Stout thongs 
made fast to the top of the curved bow are used to 
draw it, and sometimes to guide it. Any snow-clad 

hill serves for 

TOBOQQANINQ 

if there is a long level at its foot clear of obstructions, 
over which the toboggan can career after its plunge 
down the steep slope. The perfection of tobogganing 
is found on the artificial slides which are raised to a 
dizzy height, with a wide, [deep trough, coated with 
snow and ice, pitching towards the ground at a fear- 



64 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

ful angle. As the foot is approached the slope be- 
comes more gentle until it is worked off to the level 
that stretches for perhaps half a mile beyond. Wood- 
en steps are built up to the platform at the top of the 
slide where the start is made. The toboggan dress is 
much the same as that worn by snowshoers, fur cap, 
or red and blue toque, blanket coat and sash, fur mit- 
tens and buckskin moccasins. 

The toboggan is good for one passenger, better for 
two, and best for three, as the momentum of a heavy 
load carries it fast and far. The post of danger and 
dehght is, of course, the front seat. This is always 
given to a lady, because a man must be at the back to 
steer with hand or foot. 

It is not every girl who will trust herself for the first 
time to the slide, but after persuasion from her escort 
and assuring words from older hands, she is carefully 
tucked in; and grasping the rods at each side, off they 
go before she can change her mind. Death, certain 
and sudden, seems before her. She shuts her eyes; 
her breath is gone, the keen air stings. The snowdrift 
smites her cheeks like hail. The whirlwind roars 
about her. The rush of the toboggan over the ice and 
snow shrieks like the scream of a rocket. But when 
four or five hundred feet are passed over in one second, 
the terrifying conditions soon change. The noise be- 
comes less. The wind. is not so cutting. The sense of 
dropping through the air has ceased. The novice ven- 
tures to open her eyes and to draw her breath. How 
lovely it all is now. Shooting along on the level snow, 
past the firs bending under the w^eight of their winter 
mantle, among the laughing groups, returning to climb 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 65 

the stairs again, all the terror of a moment ago is for- 
gotten in the sense of safety and triumph. Will she 
take another turn? Of course she will, and still 
another, and always another, until the party breaks 
up. 

That is how the courteous Speaker of the House of 
Commons described to us this favorite Canadian winter 
sport. 

RUNNING A TIMBER SLIDE. 

We cannot toboggan without snow, and we are in 
May. But there is a kind of summer tobogganing 
within our reach, more thrilling, perilous and novel 
than the other. It is the descent of the timber 
slides. 

The lower town of Ottawa is a hive of industry. 
It is one mass of sawmills and of factories for turning 
out everything that was ever made of wood. To Otta- 
wa from the far-off forests are floated the huge rafts of 
saw logs and squared timber that have been cut 
down during the winter. Now the rafts cannot be 
sent over the falls without much loss from the merci- 
less grinding and battering which they would receive. 
Alongside of the falls, therefore, slides are built. 
These are long, flat-bottomed, sharply sloping chan- 
nels of massive stone work and timber. The raft is 
taken to pieces. The great logs are made up for the 
descent into ''cribs ' of about twenty sticks, exactly 
filling the slide. As they are but slightly fastened to- 
gether, there is always the chance of a break-up. The 
pace of the descent is suggestive of falling from a bal- 
loon. Come along! 



66 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

Here is a crib making ready. May we come aboard? 

The answer is in French; but the look and gesture 
say: ''Come and welcome." Where are we to sit? 
Here we are on the highest timber in the rear of the 
crib. Off we go! 

With huge oars the raftsmen steer the crib towards 
the entrance of the slide, a quarter of a mile away. 

Now we begin to feel the current. Our speed is 
every moment increasing. Now w^e are in the slide. 
We are rushing beneath a bridge. The people on it 
are waving their hands and hankerchiefs to encourage 
us, we suppose. But we have no time to think. The 
water is surging through the timbers at our feet. A 
shower of spray falls over us. There is a smooth rush, 
a gleam of tossed and tumbled water and with a wild dip 
which sends the water spurting up about us, we are 
below the falls, and are towed in to a landing place. 

We have run a slide. 

CANADIAN CHILDREN. 

The English-speaking children of Canada are very 
much like the children of the States in appearance 
but they seem more active, vigorous and healthy. 
They are straight, well formed, strong and rosy- 
cheeked. 

The cold weather does not keep them in the house. 
They enjoy their winter weather with its months of 
snow and ice, more than the summer time. Their 
winters, while long and severe, provide them with 
their greatest enjoyment. 

There are no sudden changes of weather, no fogs, 
or dismal rainy days, with fogs, and slush, and sleet, 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 67 

and leaden skies. The winter days are clear and 
bright and the air is dry. The cold is bracing and in- 
spires them to active out of door exercise. Their fav- 
orite games and amusements are the ones that take 
them out of doors — as skating, tobogganing, sleighing, 
snowshoeing and ice boating and lacrosse. 

The older people join in these pastimes with quite 
as much enjoyment as][the children, and as a result the 
winter in Canada is a very lively season. 

The first snow, which is sure to come before Christ- 
mas, is hailed with delight and is the signal for all kinds 
of fun. 

Almost every Canadian boy and girl owns a pair of 
moose-skin or doe-skin moccasins and a pair of snow 
shoes. The moccasin is a cross between a shoe and a 
stocking, and takes the place of both. It protects the 
snowshoer's feet from the cold as he glides over the ice 
and snow on his snow shoes. 

Some of the children of Canada think of snowshoe- 
ing as a sport, others as a necessity. In some parts 
of the country one is obliged to use snowshoes, or 
not go about at all. The railways become snowed up, 
and villages snowed in. The ice is covered so deep 
that skating or driving is impossible. The crust on 
the snow is not deep enough to hold even a human be- 
ing, who wears only ordinary shoes or boots. 

So snow shoes are necessary. They were used by 
the Indians long before white people came to Canada, 
and every Indian man and many of their women pos- 
sess them. 

The snowshoe is usually over three feet long and a 
foot and a half wide at its widest part. The frame 



68 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

work is of hickory strips and the shoe is fastened to 
the foot with thongs of deer skin. The heel is left free 
but the toe fits into a place made for it at the front of 
the shoe. These shoes look light, but the hghtest pair 
weighs almost two pounds. The Indians decorate their 
snowshoes very gaily. The Canadians ornament theirs 
with tassels of red wool. 

Lacrosse is the national game in Canada, just as 
baseball is with us. It is played with rackets, some- 
thing like tennis rackets. The ball is tossed between 
two goals, as in foot ball. Much skill is displayed in 
catching the ball on the rackets. Great crowds gath- 
er to watch the contest between the different clubs, 
and the boys and men become just as enthusiastic and 
excited as do the people who take part in or watch a 
base ball game. 

Many of Canada's children are well taught as far as 
book lessons go, and many are not. But almost all 
are taught good manners, and there are no better 
bred children in the world. They are loyal too, and 
sing their patriotic songs with as much fervor and ear- 
nestness as any of our boys and girls sing their na- 
tional songs. 

The Canadian boy is quite as fond of fire crackers as 
his republican neighbor, but he fires them on ''Dom- 
inion Day" instead of the 4th of July. This is the 
great holiday in Canada, as it marks the day that 
Canada became a distinct part of the British Empire. 

MONTREAL. 

From Ottawa we can reach Montreal either by rail 
or by water. We have had enough of the cars for a 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



69 



while, so we board the steamer. We shall make the 
run, they tell us, in ten hours. 

There is no monotony on this trip. The river rolls 
its brown tide between the stern Laurentian hills; over 
rapids, through wide, many islanded reaches. We 
overtake, and pass fleets of roomy barges, piled high 
with yellow planks, and towed by gasping steam tugs. 

At Grenville we leave the steamer and take the 
train for Caillon to avoid the great rapids. There 
are canals, it is true, but they seem to be used only 
for freight traffic. 

At Caillon we board another steamer. At St. Anne, 
by a short canal of one lock, we skirt a dangerous 
rapid. Now we are at 

LACHINE. 

We cross from the dark waters of the Ottawa to the 




IN LACHJNK RAPIDS. 



70 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

blue stream of the St. Lawrence. To the left, five 
miles away, looms the mountain above Montreal. 
But everybody rushes to the bow of the boat. ''Keep 
your places; balance the boat," shouts the captain. 
What is the matter? We are in the Lachine rapids. 
Before us is a wild turmoil of dashing waves, thrust 
back from the brown rocks whose smooth, shelving 
layers flash on every side. There is no pathway vis- 
ible. And there is no time to pause. We are hurried 
on headlong by the force of the mighty river. Touch 
but one of these rocks, and the vessel would be splin- 
tered to matches before we had time to scream. But 
the pilot keeps her head straight — or crooked is it? 
Anyway, the five miles are done in as many minutes, 
it seems; and we are floating on the calm unruffled 
stream below the rapids. 

Under the central arch of the Victoria Jubilee 
bridge we pass, and tie up in the steamer's berth at 
one of the busy wharves of Montreal. 

Beside us lie steamships from all the seven seas, un- 
oading their far-brought treasures into the vast ware- 
houses along the docks. The air smells of the salt sea 
though the sea is yet more than a hundred miles away. 
It must be the ropes and sails that exhale the odor 
of the brine. 

Here comes a swarm of cabs, one-horse cabs, every 
one of them. The drivers are French-Canadians, but 
they can hail us in English. We take one, and go off 
at a rattling pace, up hill to the Windsor Hotel in 
Dominion Square, a lovely park with churches and 
lofty buildings bordering it. 

To-morrow we shall ascend Mount Royal, and see 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 71 

what we can see. In the meantime let us read up 
something about this strange city. 

Monreal is the greatest city of Quebec and of the 
Dominion. If the St. Lawrence could be kept open 
in winter, it would be one of the greatest cities in the 
world. It is the meeting place of ocean navigation 
and a great railroad center. Nearly half of the im- 
port and export trade of the Dominion passes through 
Montreal. Its business firms reach out to the Pacific. 
The Bank of Montreal is the third largest bank in the 
world. It is the home of merchant princes, and 
the center of much wealth. 

Here is also the meeting place of the two national- 
ities of eastern Canada. They meet, but they do not 
mingle. Race and religion divide them. Yet they 
live side by side with feelings of mutual respect and 
good will. 

MOUNT ROYAL. 

We are at the top of the mountain. It is seven 
hundred feet high. What a view! On all sides stret- 
ches an immense plain, through which the St. Law- 
rence rolls its azure tide. To the south-west is the val- 
ley of the Ottawa. Far away to the south-east rise 
the Memphremagog Hills. Below is the city, built 
upon terraces marking the former channels of the 
river. 

From these terraces rise many towers and spires. 
It is a city of churches, and colleges, and hospitals. 
The eyes tire in the attempt to count them. Let us 
go down. What is this body of water on the moun- 
tain side? It is the reservoir. From the St. Lawrence 



72 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



five miles above the city, this water has been brought 
for the use of the citizens. 

At Notre Dame street we leave the electric cars and 
enter the great church from which the street derives 
its name. 




MONTREAL, E^ROM NOTRE DAME. 

NOTRE DAME. 

With the exception of the cathedral in Mexico City, 
Notre Dame is the largest church in America. It can 
seat ten thousand people. It is a copy of its great name- 
sake of Paris. Its lofty towers are landmarks. They 
are over two hundred feet high, and contain a peal of 
eleven bells. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 73 

Christ Church Cathedral, the seat of the AngHcan 
bishop, is a perfect example of Gothic architecture. 
Tablets on the walls record the names and the achieve- 
ments of men who have served their country well. 

BONSECOURS MARKET. 

Let us go down by the river side. Here are not 
only the great English warehouses, but the French 
market place. It is called Bonsecours Market. Here 
we see French Canada as it is. Here is the French 
gesture and the French shrug, but the high pitched 
French voice is here mellowed to a softer note. 

There is a good deal of haggling; for the merchant 
has no fixed price for his wares. But the haggling is 
courteous, and is enjoyed by all concerned. At a 
little distance stands the Place Viger hotel, a hand- 
some structure worthy of the Canadian Pacific. 

Close by is the church of Notre Dame De Bonse- 
cours. It is old and plain; but the votive offerings 
hanging from the roof inside tell of many a heart 
struggle in bygone days. Here and there, done in sil- 
ver, hangs the model of a ship. The wife of the sail- 
or had vowed it if he came back safe from the 
terrors of the Gulf, or from the hazards of the sea. 
The sailor and his wife are both a century dead, but 
here still hangs the token of love and faith. 

QUEBEC. 

We left Montreal last night on the steamer '^ Mon- 
treal" of the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Com- 
pany. This morning, on waking, we find ourselves at 
the company's wharf below the cliffs of Quebec, the 



74 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



city founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, soldier, 
sailor, statesman and Christian. 

Above us looms the Rock of Quebec, with its fan- 
tastic pile of steeples and its ramparts bristling with 
cannon, useless now, except as relics of battles long 
ago. 

Towering above, gleaming in the sun like a great 
diamond, stands Cape Diamond, crowned with the 




CHATEAU FRONTENAC, QUEBEC. 

King's Bastion; and high over all, the Union Jack. 
Here the fortifications and guns are of the latest type, 

THE CALECHE. 

Quebec has a population of eighty thousand, mostly 
cabmen. Let us take one of their cabs, or caleches, as 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



75 



they are called. The world looks quaint from a ca- 
lesche; and Quebec quainter, if possible, than it really 
is. Once in, hold on tightly and keep a brave heart; 
people are not always upset]out of them. The caleche 
is a two-wheeled vehicle, something like an enormous- 
ly high jinriksha. Its body is shaped like the bowl of 
a spoon. It is supported upon two strong leather 





. — -«* S" 



A QUEBEC CALECHE. 

straps, in place of springs. These straps can be loos- 
ened or tightened so as to afford you every variety of 
jolt, from an agreeable rocking motion to an upset. 

There is a seat for two passengers, and a place — or 
rather, no place, for the driver who balances himself 
somehow over your feet. Wings over the wheels pre- 
vent the mud from reaching you. 

The horse is small and shaggy. His favorite pace 
is a gallop, to which the driver continually urges him 
with the sharp cry '^Marche, done!" 



76 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



Let US drive up Mountain Street to Dufferin Terrace. 
It lies below the Chateau Frontenac Hotel, but nearly 
two hundred feet above the river. 

Look down at the winding streets of the Lower 
Town, with its wharves projecting into the stream. 
On one side are the lofty bluffs of Point Levis, and on 
the other, the St. Charles river winds away down its 
peaceful valley. Vessels of all classes and sizes are 
anchored in the broad basin and the river; and the rich, 
verdant Isle of Orleans is in mid-stream below. Acre 




ST. LOUIS GATE, QUEBKC. 

upon acre of timber comes floating down the stream 
above the city, and Canadian boat songs just reaching 
you upon the height. Beyond and above are the bold 
peaks of the Laurentian range, with Cape Tourmente 
towering over the river. 

We ascend to the Citadel by a winding road leading 
in from St. Louis street through St. Louis Gate, com- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA, 



77 



ing out at last into an open trianuglar parade 
overlooked by the loopholes of the Dalhousie Bastion. 

St. Louis Gate spans the Grand Allee, the historical 
road down which Montcalm rode from the Heights of 
Abraham on that September morning fatal to France. 

As we follow the zigzag lines of the ramparts, we 
can well believe that the fortifications cover forty 
acres. 

In the Governor's garden is a noble monument to 
Montcalm and Wolfe. The Obelisk, sixty-five feet 
high, bears a Latin inscription to the two heroes. 
Thus the memory of those who fell in fight against 
each other is united as closely as if they had both 
died for the same cause. 

On the high ground outside the St. Louis Gate, rise 
the stately Parliament and Departmental buildings of 
the Province of Quebec. 

On the east side of the market square, near the cen- 
ter of the Upper Town, stands the Basilica, the cathe- 
dral church of the French population of the city. The 
finest paintings in Canada adorn its altars. Many of 
these, we are told, were bought in France at the Re^o- 

1 u t i o n period, 



when churches 
a n d convents 
were no longer 
places of safety. 
The Martello 
Towers are four 
in number. 
They were built 
to protect the 




MARTELLO TOWER. 



78 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



citizens living outside the walls of the town. They 
are arranged for the reception of four guns each. 

They are circular in form 
with walls 13 feet thick 
towards the country; seven 
feet thick on the side to- 
wards the town. 

Little Champlain Street 
may be taken as a typical 
street of the Lower Town. 
It is narrow, precipitous, 
paved with rough cobble 
stones, perfectly clean, and 
lit by electricity, as, indeed, 
the whole city is, from the 
power developed by the 
Montmorenci Falls. 




LITTLE C[L\MPLAIN STREET. 



nONTMORENCI FALLS. 

We take a drive out to see the Montmorenci Falls. 
When a mile or two from Quebec, the driver points 
backwards with his whip, saying: ' 'Behold the silver 
city!" We turn and look. The afternoon sun shines 
brightly on the steep, tin roofs, stained by the weath- 
er steel gray and grayish green, with patches of dark 
brown wherever the rust gathers. Under the strong 
sunlight, the roofs glitter as if made of silver. 

Passing a stretch of fields and woodlands, we draw 
near the falls. We leave our caleche and clamber 
down the river bank to view them from below. The 
river here pours over the cliff into the St. Lawrence, 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 79 

broadening at the edge to about fifty feet, and falling 
two hundred and fifty feet in a gleaming veil, half 
water, half spray; not sublime, not even grand, but 
simply beautiful. 

• FRENCH CANADIANS. 

The French-Canadian farmers, and outside of the cit- 
ies they are almost all farmers, cling to the old family 
custonis. South of the St. Lawrence, indeed, they are 
somewhat influenced by the English settlers of the 
Eastern Townships. But north of the river the ^'hab- 
itans" plod along exactly as their fathers before them 
did. 

Owing to the custom of dividing the land equally 
among the children; the farms have become mere rib- 
bons, narrow strips with the river and the roads at op- 
posite ends, affording to each owner access by land and 
by water to the nearest market. 

FARM HOUSES. 

French-Canadian farm houses are built of wood or 
stone, with high, steep roofs, broken by dormer win- 
dows. The rooms are low. The rough plank floors 
are bare, except in the parlors. There you are sure to 
see a yard or two of bright colored rag carpet in front 
of the large beds curtained off from the rest of the 
room. A picture of the Holy Family hangs on the 
wall; and beneath it a stoup of holy water, with a 
sprig of spruce for a sprinker. A few chairs and a 
bureau complete the furniture of the best room. 

The dining room, which is also a bedroom on occas- 
ion, has a plain pine table; a few basswood seated 
^chairs and a two-storied stove, large enough to take 



80 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



in a whole cordwood stick. It serves for both heating 
and cooking purposes, and projects into the parlor 
through the partition between the two rooms, warm- 
ing them both. Under the roof are two or three rough 




MONTMORENCI FALLS 



unfurnished chambers. Here a bed may be made up 
for a distinguished visitor. 

The barns are low, log buildings with thatched roofs. 
Here the harvest of hay and grain is stored. Here, 
too, the cattle and horses are housed during the long 
winter. 

A happier or more contented people than the 
French-Canadian farmers cannot be found anywhere. 
They are a social people, delighting to live within 
sound of the parish church bell. They have an im- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 81 

mense number of holy days. On these days all labor 
is suspended to enable them to attend mass, and the 
subsequent festivities. Sunday is the happiest day of 
the week. After serviee all adjourn to the green- 
sward upon the river bank to partake of their frugal 
meal amid raillery and laughter. Then the afternoon 
is given up to dancing and singing and other innocent 
amusements. This, of course, is in summer. 

They labor no harder than is necessary to provide 
for their simple wants. They are a self-contained 
people. Poverty is rare among them. The wives and 
daughters spin and weave their own linen and woolen 
cloth wherewith they clothe themselves. Their small 
farms yield sufficient for the family use. The maple 
bush supplies sugar and syrup. The nearest stream or 
lake yields abundance of luscious trout for fast days. 
Hares and rabbits are snared in the woods. They 
have little to sell and less still to buy. 

They are courteous and polite in their intercourse 
with each other and with strangers; even the little 
children bow and courtesy on the road when passing 
you. They are hospitable in the extreme, and antici- 
pate every wish of the traveller who knocks at their 
door. Above all they love their native soil. 
FRENCH-CANADIANS IN WINTER. 

When the long winter sets in, and all labor is suspend- 
ed, the people abandon themselves to the delights of 
that social intercourse of which they are so fond. Day 
and night the snowy roads resound with the lively 
tinkling of sleigh bells, and the merry laugh and song, 
as gay parties of old and young wend their way to and 
from each other's houses. 



82 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

The less burdened the French-Canadian is with 
worldly possessions the happier he is. "No cow no 
care" is his motto. Yet, though Jean Baptiste's 
clothes may be well patched, he is never in rags. His 
little house may contain only the bare necessaries, but 
it is white as whitewash, can make it. The children 
run barefooted, but they get enough to eat to keep 
them fat and rosy. In the gathering twilght the 
sound of fiddle or concertina is heard in the land, and 
light hearts grow lighter to the air of "La Can- 
adienne." 

LAKE ST. JOHN. 

From Quebec we go to Lake St. John. Sea-like, 
its wide spread plain of water reaches to the horizon. 
There are many attractions here for the hunter and 
the fisherman; but we shall content ourselves with cal- 
ling in upon the 

"HONTAQNAIS." 

These dusky, handsome Indians have their reserva- 
tion here. Once they were a flourishing nation. 
Two hundred and fifty years ago their alliance was 
eagerly sought by the French. Together they at- 
tacked the Esquimaux in their fort on the island still 
called after them "Esquimaux Island," and utterly de- 
feated them. 

The Esquimaux, or "Eaters of Raw Flesh," re- 
treated to the far north, to Labrador and Greenland, 
where in 1770 the Moravians followed them, converted 
and civilized them. 

The Montagnais Indians have dwindled until to-day 
they number at most two thousand. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



83 



In the short summer only can we find them at home. 
In the autumn each family sets off for the woods north- 
westwards. 

The Montagnais place high value upon education. Ev- 
ery one of them can read and write. Where do they 
learn? In the woods. There there is plenty of leis- 



1 




MONTAGNAIS INDIANS 



ure time. After visiting their traps and snares, and 
catching a trout in the stream close by, and cooking 
their dinner and eating it, there is time still left. 
They have no society calls to pay or to receive. There 
is no house to sweep and tidy up. The few dishes are 
soon washed. Then the father and the mother take 
out the little books printed in their own language, and 
set about the task of keeping alive their own know- 
ledge by teaching their children to spell and read and 
make figures and letters on a piece of birch bark, 
plucked from the nearest tree. They teach their chil- 
dren their prayers too. For these Montagnais Indians 
are all Christians. 



84 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

MAIL SERVICE IN THE WOODS. 

Moreover, they have a postal service. What, out in 
the woods? Yes. True, the dehvery is slow; but one 
cannot have everything. 

About the end of October our Indian wants to send 
news home to the Reservation. He has lost his spell- 
ing book; it fell into a river. Or, he wants to tell old 
granny that his wife, who was sickly when they set 
out, is well and strong now. Besides, her little grand- 
son is growing to be a famous hunter; he has killed 
two foxes, and nearly got himself gobbled up by a 
bear. Would she mind sending him a bottle of Pain 
Killer and some fishing twine? 

All this is written on birch bark, with a pencil, or 
the point of a thorn, The letter is folded, and stuck 
into the split in a stick, which is then thrust into the 
ground in a spot where trees are few. No Indian can 
pass that without seeing it . He will read the address 
and if he is going that way, will be its bearer. Two 
months later, who knows but the writer will find the 
reply somewhere— a letter telling him where what he 
asked for has been hidden by another Indian on his 
way north. 

These Montagnais are not eager hunters, but they 
must live; and before they can roast a deer or a beaver 
they must skin it. Thus, during the winter they get 
together a quantity of skins. These they sell at the 
nearest Hudson's Bay post. 

In the summer they return to the reservation, and 
live under the easy yoke of the chief elected by 
themselves. 

The men dress like the Canadians, but the women — 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



85 



the squaws — are fond of bright colors, and wear a 
headdress of red stripes and black, each stripe piped 
with blue. 

Now that tourists have invaded Lake St. John and 
the Saguenay, our Indians find ready employment 




BUILDING THE BARK CANOE. 



during the season as hunters and guides, or in making 
and selling their famous birch-bark canoes. 

SAGUENAY. 

A two hours' run by rail and we are at Chicoutimi, 
the head of navigation on the Saguenay river. It is 
called a river, but it is really an earthquake-cleft 
chasm sixty-five miles long and from one to two miles 
wide. The bed of the river — since we must call it so 
— is 600 feet below the level of the St. Lawrence. 

This strange river is a picture of solitude. Even to- 
day, with a brilliant May sun and clear sky, we sail 



86 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

for miles and see no sign of life. Not a bird, not even 

a seagull; not a shanty perched on the cliffs. The 

water ahead of us is black as tar; churned by the 

paddles, it becomes a brown foam. 

The walls of the chasm are wooded to the very 

heights, though here and there the hard rock juts out 

black and bare. . 

CAPE TRINITY. 

Now we are approaching Cape Trinity. Here the 
cliff has been rent by some mighty force into three 
divisions, which rise like monstrous steps one above 
another. A little further down is Cape Eternity. This 
is a perpendicular shaft of rock rising from the river 
to a height of 1,500 feet. The top of the cliff, crowned 
with pines, seems to topple and fall on us as we look. 






Al'l.> i:i l,l;Mrv AM> i'KlNl'l'Y 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 87 

We stop at Tadoussac. Here can be seen the battery 
of Jacques Cartier, the early explorer of Canada; the 
old, weathern-worn hut, once a Hudson's Bay post, 
and the little Jesuit church, the oldest in America with 
the exception of the church at St. Augustine, Florida. 
NOVA SCOTIA, 

Now let us take a little jaunt over into Nova Scotia, 
the land of Evangeline, of which Longfellow has writ- 
ten. It is one of the most beautiful regions of all 
Canada, and a famous farming country. Here we will 
find the most delicious apples grown anywhere in sea- 
son, and the largest and richest gypsum beds in the 
world. What is gypsum, do you know? Is there any 
to be found in the United States? 

We must take just a look at Halifax, the capital of 
Nova Scotia, and the chief naval station of the British 
empire in western waters. 

Halifax is a city full of turf and trees. It is clus- 
tered around the citadel. It has the citadel for a heart 
and the arms of the sea to embrace it. It has a 
charmingly laid out park, and delightful villas embow- 
ered in the woody banks of '' The Arm." The city is 
enlivened with naval and military pomp. Stately 
men-of-war ride in the harbor. Scarlet-tunicked Cana- 
dians saunter along the streets. We spend a day in 
Halifax driving through its pleasant thoroughfares. 
We admire its courthouse and fine old mansions. We 
go over the seat of the provincial legislature and the 
supreme court. We wander round its old church, full 
of monuments to young scions of noble English fami- 
lies, who died in what was then a distant and perilous 
service. 



88 A LITTI-E JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

THE GREEN MARKET. 

Next to the fortifications, one of the most interesting 
features of HaUfax is the green market. Here on 
Wednesdays and Saturdays the country folk sell their 
wares on the sidewalks by the post-office. 

There are Dutch women from the eastern shore with 
baskets of green crops nourished on the richest sea- 
weeds. There are Nova Scotia women, who have 
been driving all night to reach the market. They 
offer with a friendly smile, primrose butter and pearly 
eggs. 

There are lank-limbed countrymen in gray home- 
spun standing beside their loads of vegetables or salt- 
marsh hay, bashfully courteous of speech. 

Here are a pair of French women with baskets of 
knitted goods. 

There squats a negro matron on the pavement, a 
short black pipe between her lips. She has bananas 
to tempt us. 

The noble red man and his squaw are there. Their 
merchandise consists of flag and willow baskets, gayly 
dyed, and porcupine quill boxes. A bronze-tinted 
papoose looks at us from the birch-bark basket strapped 
to his mother's back. 

FISHING. 

Fishing is an important industry in Canada. Thou- 
sands of people in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island 
and Newf oimdland are engaged in cod fishing. It was 
this that first attracted the French to America. All 
along the shore it furnishes the people their living. 

In the last days of May the fishermen along the 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



89 



coast are making ready to sally out after the cod. As 
soon as the caplin — a little fish about seven inches in 
length — appears, the cod appears, following up the vast 
mass of caplin and feasting on the rich banquet. 

Now is the opportunity for the fishermen. Schoon- 
ers of forty or fifty tons each, manned by a crew of 




TADOUSAC, ON THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE. 

eight men and three boys, sail for the nearest fishing- 
grouud and cast anchor. 

The two light skiffs carried by each schooner are 
lowered. Two men get into each and row away to the 
likeliest spot near by. 



90 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

They throw out their long Unes, baited with caphn, 
haul up the greedy cod, unhook them, and put on fresh 
bait. When they have caught five or six hundred they 
row back to the schooner, transfer their catch and 
return to fish. Theirs is no eight-hour day. They 
fish from three o'clock in the morning till nine o'clock 
at night. 

The men on the schooner are not idle. They dress, 
split, wash, and salt the cod. No part of the fish is 
wasted. The head is cooked and eaten. The offal 
and bones are kept to be steamed, dried and ground 
into fish guano. From the swimming-bladder isinglass 
is made. The roe is exported to France and used as 
groimd bait in the sardine fishery. The tongue and 
sounds bring a good price as delicacies. From the 
liver is extracted cod-liver oil, worth sixty cents a gal- 
lon, unrefined. 

Three hundred quintals — the quintal weighs 112 
pounds — of codfish make a full cargo. The fishermen 
are content, and sail home. They unload their treas- 
ure, wash the salted fish, and spread them out to dry 
and bleach in the sun. The fish are then graded, and 
sold on the spot, or shipped to Halifax or Gaspe. Then 
comes the division of the money: two shares for the 
schooner; one share each for the eight men, and one- 
third of a share for each of the boys. 

COD=LIVER OIL. 

How is the oil extracted from the livers? Very sim- 
ply. They are thrown into a large barrel — a coal-oil 
barrel generally. That's all. Those benevolent fairies, 
the microbes^ do the rest, The resulting odor does not 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



91 



remind you of spring violets, but it is healthy, they 
tell us. As the livers decay the oil rises to the sur- 
face, and is skimmed off and barreled. One quintal 
of livers produces on an average a gallon of oil. 




THE VILLA (. 



Steamers are just coming into St. John's, New- 
foundland, laden with seal skins and blubber. After 
they unload their cargoes they will return to the Arc- 
tic in search of whales. Let us ask this old sailor 
where they captured these seals. We thought that 
all the seals came from the Pacific coast islands. 



92 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



He tells us that the seal is the most common of Arc- 
tic sea animals. It supplies food for the Canadian 
Eskimaux, and the polar bear as well as the Alaskans. 




SIR WILFRID LAURIER. 



The skins are not so valuable, however, as those of 
the Alaskan seal. The Labrador seal rear their young 
on the cakes of ice that drift southward in the Labra- 
dor current. The steamers go out to hunt them in the 
early spring and come back in May or June. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



93 




NIAGARA FALLS. 



94 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 



We would like to board one of these stout little ves- 
sels and take the northern trip, past the coast of 
Labrador and Baffins Bay and, yes on up to the North 
Pole. But ihe old sailor shakes his head. The Arc- 
tic summer would be over before we could return and 
the sea would be frozen over again, and we would be 
prisoners, or our vessel would be crushed by the ice- 
bergs. Many brave men have lost their lives trying to 
force their way to the North Pole. We must be content 
with what we can read of what explorers have said 
and of what the Indians and the Eskimaux, the hun- 
ters and trappers, tell us of the Northland. 

Our little journey in Canada is drawing to a close, 
but we have before us the most pleasant part of the 
trip — the return voyage up the St. Lawrence to 
Niagara Falls and through the Great Lakes. But this 
is a story in itself and must find a place in another 
book. 





TEACHER'S SUPPLEMENT. 



A Little Journey to Canada, 

The class, or travel club, has now completed the study of 
Canada, and is ready for a review. In order to make this 
interesting, let the work be summed up in the form of an enter- 
tainment called — 

AN AFTERNOON OR EVENING IN CANADA. 

For the afternoons abroad, given as geography reviews, or as 
a part of the Friday afternoon exercises, invitations may be 
written out by the pupils, or mimeographed or hectographed, 
and carried to friends and parents. 

If given as an evening entertainment and illustrated by 
stereopticon views, handbills may be printed and circulated, at 
least a week beforehand. The following form may be used: — 

I SCHOOL ENTERTAINMENT. 

A TRIP TO CANADA FOR TEN CENTS. 

You are invited by the pupils of the • school (or 

the members of the Travel Class or Club) to spend an evening 
(or afternoon) in Canada. 

The party starts promptly at 1:30 p. M. (or 8 p. M.) the . 

Those desiring to take this trip should secure tickets before the 
day of sailing, as the party is limited. Guides are furnished 
free. 

The proceeds of this entertainment are to be used in the 
purchase of a library and pictvires for the school. 

95 



96 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

Greographies, books of travel, magazine articles and news- 
papers should be consulted until each pupil has his subject well 
in hand. He should also, where possible, secure photographs, 
pictures or objects with which to illustrate his talk. At its 
close these should be placed upon a table, or the chalk tray, that 
visitors may examine them more closely. 

If the entertainment is given in the evening, the teacher may 
be able to use stereopticon views. 

These will prove a very great attraction to both pupils and 
parents, and should be secured, if possible. The lantern with 
oil lamp may be easily operated by the teacher while the pupils 
^ivo the descriptions of the pictures or give talks about the 
country. 

The lantern and slides may be rented for the evening or 
afternoon at reasonable rates, and the cost covered by an admis- 
sion fee of from ten to twenty-five cents. 

A leader or guide may be appointed to make the introductory 
remarks, and to announce the numbers of the programme. 

Other pupils speak of the journey to. Canada, the people, 
industries, plant and animal life, scenery and social features of 
the country. 

ROOM DECORATIONS. 

Decorate the room with branches of the maple and the 
blackboard with a border of red maple leaves, as these stand 
for Canada. 

Invitations to the exercises may also be cut in the shape of 
maple leaves. Canada's flag may be draped over the pictures 
of the Governor General of Canada and King Edward, the 
sovereign of the Canadian people. Other pictures (suggested 
elsewhere)' may be placed about the room and collections of 
views of Canada and photographs arranged on the reading 
tables. 

A picture of a toboggan slide, which furnishes one of the 
most popular amusements of Canada, may be drawn upon the 
board, and a pair of snow-shoes sketched if a real pair is not to 
be procured. 



ROOM DECORATIONS. 97 

If the " Afternoon in Alaska " has not been given follow the 
plan of room decoration suggested for Alaska. Place fur rugs 
about the room, and articles manufactured from Canadian furs 
on the table devoted to Canadian products. Articles used by 
Canadian Indians and Eskimaux may be shown. Among these 
will be birch-bark canoes, totem poles, baskets, blankets, bows, 
arrows, snow-shoes, moccasins, arrow-heads and dolls dressed to 
represent these people. 

Pupils costumed as Canadian Indians may go about and 
offer Canadian spruce gum, beech and hazel nuts, and little 
bunches of the May-flower, which blooms in such quantities in 
Canada. 

" A zoo." 

Arrange a picture " Zoo " in one corner of the room by hang- 
ing on the walls natural history charts or mounted pictures of 
the animals found in Canada. 

Among thse will be found the caribou, moose, bear, fox. mar- 
tin, otter, mink, musk-rat, timber wolf, lynx, wildcat, porcupine, 
rabbit, skunk, beaver, reindeer, musk-ox, polar bear, auk, sable, 
marten, ermine, bison, antelope, jaguar, puma, prairie dog, 
opossum, rattlesnake, eagle, pelican, wild ducks, pelican turkey, 
eider duck, salmon, trout, cod, herring, halibut, lobster, whale 
and walrus. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE PROGRAMME. 

The closing number of the programme may be a " guessing 
contest " in which the pupils may be given five or more minutes 
to write a list of the animals found in the " Zoo." Slips of 
paper should be passed for this purpose before the beginning of 
the exercises, but no exijlanation of the use of the slips should 
be given. When ready for the contest announce to the pupils 
that you wish to test their powers of observation, and that a 
small prize will be given to the one who shall write in five min- 
utes the longest list of animals found in Canada. 

To the winner a framed Perry picture of Landseer's "A Deer 
Family," " Monarch of the Glen," '' King of the Forest," or 
" Stag at Bay " may be given. 



98 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

Let one of the pupils recite the part of " Evangeline " which 
describes the village of Grand Pre, and Evangeline and her 
home, ending with the words " There the richest was poor, and 
the poorest lived in abundance." 

At the place in the poem where occur the words " Softly the 
Angelus sounded " the Angelus may be played very softly, and 
until the end of the reading, when the song may be sung by 
one of the largest pupils, costumed as Evangeline or an Aca- 
dian girl. The recitation or reading may then be concluded 
with these words from the Prelude, the speaker at the same time 
pointing out Acadia on the map sketched upon the board. 

"This is the forest primeval; but where are the hearts that beneath it 
Leaped like the roe, when he hears in the woodland the voice of the 

huntsman? 
Where is the thatch-roofed village, the home of Acadian farmers — 
Men whose lives glided on like rivers that water the woodlands, 
Darkened by shadows of earth, but reflecting an image of heaven? 
Waste are these pleasant farms, and the farmers forever departed ! 
Scattered like dust and leaves, when the mighty blasts of October 
Seize them, and whirl them aloft, and sprinkle them far o'er the ocean. 
Naught remains but tradition of the beautiful village of Grand-Pre." 

This reading or recitation may be followed by the sad history 
of Acadia, a description of the people who next came to Acadia, 
and those who live there to-day. The " Evangeline " book, by 
F. M. Muhlig, gives much interesting information with regard 
to the people who next occupied Acadia. 

" The Angelus " may be found in •' Songs in Season. " Ring 
on, sweet Angelus, in " Evangeline Dramatized." A picture 
given in the latter will show how to arrange a suitable costume 
for the pupil who poses as an Acadian girl. 

If the "Afternoon in Alaska" has not been given, or is not 
to be given, several numbers suggested in the programme in the 
" Little Journey to Alaska " may be added to the one given here. 

The recitations describing the Indian and Eskimo, found in 
"Christmas in Other Lands," by Lydia Avery Coonley, may be 
used. The songs "The Indian " and " The Eskimo " in " Songs 



PROGRAMME. 99 

in Season " and the tableaux of Canadian Indian and Eskimo 
people. 

Instead of the poem " The Building of the Canoe " a descrip- 
tion of the building of the canoe may be read. One suitable for 
this purpose may be found on page 209 of "' King's Aids in 
Geography." The programme is too long to be given as out- 
lined, but the best numbers may be selected and others omitted. 

AN AFTERNOON IN CANADA. 

PROGRAMME. 

i. Introduction. 

2. Song, "Cheer, Boys, Cheer." 

3. Introduction. 

4. Recitation, "Aca Nada."' 

5. Glimpses of Vancouver Island. 
G. The Frozen North. 

7. Recitation, "Ice Bergs." 

8. Tableau, "The Eskimo." 

9. Song, "Little John Jo." 

10. "The Eskimo" in Carrie Adams' Music for the Common 

Schools, or "The Eskimo" in Songs in Season. 

11. Recitation, "The Spirit Guide." 

12. Animal Life. 

13. The Moose. 

14. The Hunter. 

15. Fur Trader. 

16. Song, "The Hunter's Life,"' from Gems of School Songs. 

17. Over the Rockies. 

18. The Prairies. 

19. The Prairie Indians' Tableau, "Indians."' 

20. Song, "The Indian," in Songs in Season. 

21 . "The Building of the Canal," from Longfellow's Hiawatha. 

22. The Forest Region. 

23. The Nickel Mines. 

24. Sault Sainte Marie. 

25. The Beaver. 

26. Recitation, "The Beaver." 

LofC. 



100 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

27. Free Land, 

28. The Settler's Home. 

29. Maple Sugar. 

30. Ottawa. 

31. Winter Amusements. 

32. Child Life in Canada. 

33. Patriotic Song, Rule, Britannia, Rule. 

34. The Thousand Islands. 

35. Recitation, "Thousand Islands," by Whittier. 

36. Quebec. 

37. The Caleche. 

38. "French Canadians," Canadian Boat Song. 

39. Saguenay. 

40. Reading, "Acadia," Extract from Evangeline, as men- 

tioned in Suggestions. 

41. "The Angelus," sung by pupil costumed as Evangeline. 

42. Halifax. 

43. The Fisheries. 

44. Recitation, "The Fisherman," by Whittier. 

45. Song, "The Fisherman," from Riverside Song Book. 

46. Recitation, "Passing Icebergs." 

47. Stories of Northern Explorers. 

48. Recitation, "A Ballad of Sir John Franklin," in Long- 

fellow's Poems of Places. 

49. Recitation, "Canada." 

50. Song, "God Save the Queen." . ^ 

51. Homeward Bound. 

52. Guessing Contest. 

POEMS FOR RECITATION OR READINGS. 

CANADA. 

Land of mighty lake and forest! 
Where the winter's locks are hoarest; 
W^here the winter's leaf is greenest, 
And the winter's bite the keenest; 
AVhere the autumn's leaf is serest, 
And her parting smile the dearest. 



POEMS. 101 

Where the tempest rushes forth, 

From his caverns in the north; 

Where the cataract stupendous, 

Lifteth up his voice tremendous; 

Where uncultivated nature 

Rears her pines of giant stature; 

Where the crane her course is steering, 

And the eagle is careering; 

Where the gentle deer are bounding. 

And the woodman's axe resounding. 

Land of mighty lake and river, 

To our hearts thou'rt dear forever! 

— Alexander McLachlan. 

ACA NADA. 

Long ago a band of travelers 
Left behind the coast of Spain, 
Turned their faces to the westward. 
Sailed across the storm-tossed main, 
Crossed the black Atlantic waters. 
Landed on a rock-bound shore. 
Moored their argosies and left them 
That the land they might explore; 
Sadly turned they homeward, murmui-ing: 
"Aca Nada," nothing here. 

Nothing here! my Canada? 
Nay; but we have wiser grown; 
Stretching vast from dawn to sunset. 
With a grandeur all thine own: 
Rugged mountains where the eagle 
Wheels in widening circles slow. 
Mighty hills where peaked summits 
Covered with eternal snow 
Stand like angel sentinels guarding 
Far and wide the land below. 

Trackless forests dark and lonely, 
Where man's foot hath never trod. 



102 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

Howls the wolf and screams the panther, 
Face to face with nature's god. 
Here the haughty stag advancing, 
Kingly power undaunted sways, 
Here the timid hare bounds fearless 
Through the brushwood underways. 
In his native marsh the heron 
Seeks the waters of his love, 
While in geometric figure 
Sails the wild duck far above. 
Company of man disturbs not. 
All in careless freedom rove. 

Where of yore by tideless waters 

Pines their solemn shadows threw, 

Curls the graceful smoke from homesteads, 

Men their thrifty lives pursue; 

Where in bygone days the forest 

Shuddered with the tempest's roar, 

Spreads now many a stately city; 

Solitude returns no more. 

Happy country! happy people! 

Peace prevails from shore to shore. 

— Kujj Livingstone. 

THE BEAVER. 

Up in the North, if thou sail with me, 
A wonderful creature I'll show to thee; 
As gentle and mild as a lamb at play, — 
Skipping about in the month of May; 
Yet wise as any old learned sage 
Who sits turning over a musty page! 

Come down to the lonely river's bank. 
See driven-in stake and riven plank; 
'Tis a mighty work before thee stands 
That would do no shame to human hands 
A well-built dam to stem the tide 
Of this northern river so strong and wide. 



POEMS. 103 

Look! the woven bough of many a tree 
And a wall of fairest masonry. 
The water cannot surpass this^bound 
For a hundred keen eyes watch it round; 
And the skill that raised can keep it good 
Against the peril of storm and flood. 

And yonder the peaceable creatures dwell, 
Secure in their watery citadel! 
They know no sorrow, have done no sin; 
Happy they live 'mong kith and kin — 
As happy as living things can be, 
Each in the midst of his family! 

Ay, there they live and the hunter wild 

Seing their social nature mild, 

Seing how they were kind and good, 

Hath felt his stubborn soul subdued; 

And the very sight of their young at play 

Hath put his hunter's heart away ; 

And a mood of pity hath o'er him crept 

As he thought of his own dear babes and wept. 

— Mary Howitt. 

THE THOUSAND ISLES. 

The thousand isles, the thousand isles, 
Favored with nature's sweetest smiles, 
And famed the wide world o'er; 
Clad in their robes of summer green , 
No fairer isles were ever seen 
This side the heavenly shore- 

The Venice of the North is here, 
And so, indeed, the gondolier, 
For here the boatman's song 
Floats out the crystal waters o'er 
While echoes from each rocky shore 
The joyful notes prolong. 



104 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

If fairy-land be half so fair 

Who could but wish to linger there 

Through all the summer days? 

But fairy-land is but a dream, 

While these fair isles are all they seem 

And so we sing their praise. 

— North<'r)i Chriatunt Advocate. 

THE SPIRIT GUIDE. 

Far in the realm of arctic night 
Where flames the wierd auroral light, 
And icebergs loom on every hand. 
Enchanters of that lonely land! 
The patient dark skinned Eskimo. 
A little grave shapes in the snow. 
And o'er the ice plain bleak and wild 
The mourning mother bears her child, 
In furry garments softly rolled. 
Who never again shall feel the cold, 
And lays him on the icy breast 
To take his last and final rest. 

And there beside the little mound 
A father slays his fleetest hound — 
A creature of unerring skill. 
Of keenest scent and docile will, 
To trace far haunts of seal and bear 
That stock the little ice hut there. 
He lays the faithful beast and brave 
Low down beside his baby's grave. 
And says "the little one will stray 
Through night and darkness far away, 
His tender feet have never trod, 
And cannot find the path to God. 

"Now guide him safe from night and cold 
Far out to realms of purest gold. 
Where flowery mead and crystal streams 



POEMS. 105 

Are smiling in the sun's glad beams; 

Where rise abodes of joy and wealth 

And feasting fills the happy earth." 

Consoled the parents homeward wend 

And leave their baby to the friend 

Who for protection and defence 

Has proved a gentle providence, 

Sure that the dog so true and wise 

Will find the gates to paradise. 

— Augusta Larned. 

PASSING THE ICE BERGS. 

A fearless shape of brave device, 
Our vessel drives through mist and rain, 
Betweeii the floating fleets of ice, — 
The navies of the northern main. 

These are the buccaneers that freight 
The middle sea with dream of wrecks. 
And freeze the southwinds in their flight, 
And chain the Gulf Stream to their decks. 

Up signal there and let us hail 
Yon looming phantom as we pass! 
Note all her fashion, hull and sail 
Within the compass of your glass; 

And sj)eak her well, for she might say, 
If from her hearts the words could thaw% 
Great news from some far frozen bay 
Or the remotest Eskimo; 

Might tell of channels yet untold, 
That sweep the pole from sea to sea; 
Of lands which God designs to hold, 
A mighty people yet to be; — 

Of wonders which alone prevail 
Where day and darkness dimly meet; 
Of all which spreads the arctic sail; 
Of Franklin and his venturous fleet, 



106 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO CANADA. 

How haply at some glorious goal 
His anchor holds, his sails are furled 
That Fame has named him on her scroll 
"Columbus of the Polar World." 

T. B. Read 

INTERESTING ITEMS FROM GEOGRAPHICAL SPICE. 

DUCK ISLANDS. 

In Baffin Bay are certain islands so thronged with eider 
ducks that they are called Duck Islands. The mother ducks 
pluck the down from their own breasts and place it about their 
young, and should this be removed they will strip off another 
supply. The down taken from a dead duck is almost worthless, 
while that taken from a living bird is very valuable. Eider 
down is so elastic that three-quarters of an ounce will jfiU a 
large hat, while two or three pounds may be pressed into a bail 
and held in the hand. 

CHEWED SHIRTS. 

The Eskimos wear undershirts made of bird skins, which are 
chewed in the mouth by the women until they are soft. These 
skins are taken from auks which frequent the sea coast. Some- 
times several hundred skins are used to make one garment. 
They are worn with the down next to the body. 

QUEER SHOES AND STOCKINGS. 

The Eskimos wear stockings made of bird skins, over which is 
laid a padding of dry grass. Over this, for a boot, is drawn the 
skin of a bear's leg, to which the natural sole of the bear's foot 
is attached. 

TALLOW CANDY. 

The candy of the Eskimo children consists of reindeer tallow 
which is put up in a pretty bright red packages made out of the 
feet of waterfowl. The women cut of the red feet of this bird, 
which is called the dovekie, draw out the bones, blow up the 
skins so as to make pouches, and fill them with tallow and thus 
make candy packages for the little folks. 



Moderato. 

N S ^ 



CANADIAN BOAT SONG. 



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Soon as the woods on shore look dim. We'll sing at St. Ann's our parting hymn. 
But when the wind blows offthe shore. Oh. sweetly we'll rest the wea-ry oar. 
Sai nt of this green isle, hear our pray'rs.Oh, grant lis cool heay'ns and fav'ring airs. 

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So fare - well, Eng - laud, much as we a - (lore thee, 

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fare - well, Eng -land! fare - well for ev - er - more, 
bound - less mead - ows ripe, ripe with gold - en grain. 



I 



EeS; 



I 



REFERENCE BOOKS. 

Evangeline, Longfellow. 

Manitoba, Bryce. 

Canadian Pictures, Lome. 

Newfoundland, Hatton. 

Acadia. 

Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hy. Benjamin. 

Wild North Land, Butler. 

Life in Manitoba, Hall. 

Forest Life in Acadia, Hardy. 

Canada and the Rockies, Fleming. 

The Winnipeg Country, Fellows. 

Maritime Provinces, by Osgood. 

Canada, Rowan. 

Newfoundland Fisheries, Shea. 

Through British Columbia, 2 vols , St. John. 

Newfoundland, Tocque. 

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Warner. 

From Newfoundland to Manitoba, Roe. 

Children of the Cold, Schwatka. 

Story of Mellakahtla, by Welcome. 

Dr. Keane's Arctic Explorations. 

Rowan's Canada. 

Hatton's Newfoundland. 

Open Polar Sea, Dr. Hayes. 

A Trip to Manitoba, by Mary Fitzgibbon 

PICTURES. 

A number of fine views of Canada may be found in the 
May number of the Ladies' Home Journal. These may be 
mounted and placed about the room. Others may be found 
in the publications of the Canadian Pacific and other railroads. 

AMERICA PHOTOGRAPHED. 

A portfolio of photographs of scenic and historic interest 
in Canada, Alaska, Mexico and the United States, with de- 
scriptive text. The pictures are large, being ten by twelve 
inches. Price of book, one dollar, prepaid. A. Flanagan Co. 



OTHER GOOD SONG BOOKS 

The New Century Song Book 

128 pages. Price: Boards, 30c j Paper, 25c, 

The New Century Song Book is a collection of new, lively, and inspir- 
ing songs for the school-room and school entertainments, embracing Flag Songs, 
Holiday Songs, Labor Songs, Memorial Songs, Nature Songs, Songs of the 
Seasons, Thanksgiving Songs, Vacation Songs, Patriotic Songs (both new 
and o'd), Sacred Songs, and many others on different subjects. 

Merry Melodies 

64 pages. Price? Manila, I5cj Boards, 20c. 

Over 175,000 copies of this wonderfully popula*- music book have been 
sold. Its success, as well as that of the other books of this author, has been phe- 
nomenal from the day of publication. The author's soui is full of music, so his 
books are always rhythmical and captivating. 

Golden Glees 

Boards, 6/4x9° 173 pages. Pricey 35cc 

I. The Science of Vocal Music. IL 1(3 Prize Songs. 
A choice selection of prize songs composed by the brightest and most suc- 
cessful teachers and music writers of the United States. It makes the book 
unequaled for fresh melodies, beautiful words, and choice harmonies. 

Victorious Songs 

Manila, (>%-x&%i 72 pages. Price, 15c. 

This book contains (1) a complete list of the songs in Hanson's popular 
series, graded for school use; (2) a graded course of instruction in music; (3) gen- 
eral suggestions, hints and helps for those desirous of having music in their 
school; (4) twenty-four of the most popular songs, words and music from the 
Hanson series. All of these have been tested, are great favorites, and are 
therefore Victorious Songs. 

Primary Calisthenic Songs and Musical Drills 

Arranged in two parts ; 88 pages. Motion and Calisthenic Songs; 
24 pages Musical Drills or Marches. 112 large pages. Boards, 50c 

The songs of the calisthenic exercises are accompanied by figures, thus 
fitting the action to the word. The movements are calculated to promote both 
health and gracefulness. Explanatory notes guide the teacher and suggest 
variations. Every primary room wil! be made brighter by the ut.e of this work. 

Silvery Notes 

Manila^ 6'^x9 ^ 64 pages. Price, 15c 

This is a companion book to "Merry Melodies." The songs are exalted 
in sentiment, and the airs original and pleasing. Tiie variety in the selections 
and in the music gives assurance of both entertainment and instruction. The 
volume contains primary songs, songs for the upper grades, and some solos and 
choruses. That it has genuine merit is shown by its large sale. 

A. FLANAGAN COMPANY ^ Chicago 



SIX! SIX! 

BRIGHT NEW 

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In t hi e Misty 
IVealm of Fable 

/j'r Emma Robinson Ki.eckni':k 

Turning^ Points 
in TeacKinc^ 

By D. C. Murphy, Ph. D. 
Superintendent Training- Depart- 
ment of Slippery Rock (Pa ) 
State Normal School. 

U/ye Students 
Gtiide to Mvisic 

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Norton's 
Practical 
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Miss HaucK's 
NeMT Reprodtic 
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Primary 
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A Ne-wr Help in 
United States 
H i s t o r y 

By O. H Marsh, 
County Supt., Mills County, la. 



!N THE IMISTY REALM OF FABLE 

" The book contains all that is best in 
Mytholog-y,and what it presents is made 
the most of in the way it is told."— Wm. 
Hawley Smith, Author and Lecturer. 
Thisbookis admirably adapted as a 
Supplementary Keader for fourth 
and fifth g^iades. Second Edition. 
Cloth. Eight full page illustrations. 
Many smaller ones. 160 pages, hand- 
some cover, list 50 cents. 



TURNING POINTS IN TEACHING 

Dr. Murphy is a practical teacher; he 
knows the needs of teachers and has 
friveii them a book full of New Methods, 
Ideas, Anecdotes and Helps . Some of the 
chapters are: The Tirst Day of School; 
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nearly 100 Exercises ia Sight Singing 
for classes in unison; a Complete Dic- 
tionary of musical terms. Manila bind- 
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NORTON'S PRACTICAL STUDIES IN 
PRAMMAR Theory and Practice are 
unftmmMn combined; principles and 
d(>finitions given from the outset, but 
with little formality; abundance of easy 
examples for illustrations; varied selec- 
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several full page and half page illustra- 
tions. Cloth, 215 pages, price 40 cents. 
If the book is adopted the amount paid 
for the first copy will be refunded. 



MISS HAUCK'S NEW REPRODUCTION 
STORIES FOR PRIMARY GRADES 
15 erigixial and rewritten stories. 
Tliey embrace all subjects, as Little 
Stories about Nature, Stories about 
Animals, Children, Flowers, Trees, 
Birds, Leaves, etc. Price 15c. 



A NEW HELP IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 



This is not purposed as a patent 
method for teaching history, but 
is the result of long experience in the scliool room and in normal institutes. 
The Outlines are full, the Notes interesting, the Questions suggestive. Send 
S.'> cents for a copy and if not fully up to expectations, return same. 



Are You in the Dark 



as to where certain articles in your work 
niaj- be found? Write us for Helps in 
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School Supplies, Pictures, Supplementary Reading, Etc. 

FLANAGAN CO. ^i? ^^' CHICAGO 



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MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA It'C pages The part on central 
iiM.m^.,-^1-^^ J. ^ America has not appeared in the 

paper editions. It is inserted in this volume on account of the nearness of 

these countries to Mexico. 

ALASKA AND CANADA n^ pages, Coloredmaps. Flagof Canada in colors. 
These make handsome, valuable books for every library. 
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Volume IV 



MAY. 1901 

Subscription $1,50 per Yeat* 



No. 9 



''Sst^j 







PI^AN BOOK 




A I/ITTLI/ JOURNEY 

TO 

CANADA 



MARIAN M. GEORGE, Editor. # # 
^ di A. FLANAGAN CO., Publishers 



Issued Monthly, except July and August 



Entered in Chicago Post Office as Second«Class Mall. 



aoB 






Plan Book 
Journeys 

For 1901 and 1902. 



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and Puerto Rico, Hawaii and the Philip- 
pines. These numbers may also now be 
liad in cloth binding; that is, the first two 
in one volume, the second two in another. 
The price is 50 cents list. For next year, beginning September, 1901, Euro- 
pean countries will be visited, and will be in the order named, unless it 
should be advisable to make some change in regard to time of appearance 
of a given number. 



LITTLE JOURNEYS. 



\ — 

) 

] ENGLAND 

} SEPTEMBER, 1 90 J 

SCOTLAND 

OCTOBER, J 90 J 

IRELAND and WALES 

NOVEMBER, J 90) 

GERMANY 

DECEMBER, J 90 J 

HOLLAND and BELGUIM 

JANUAEY, }90? 



FIANCE 



FEBRUARY, J 902 



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MARCH, J 902 



ITALY 
AUSTRL\ 



APRIL, J 902 



SWITZERLAND 



MAY, J 902 I 



JUNE, J902 !> 



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fields of Manitoba, the mining and fishing regions of 
New Ontario, Ottawa the capital, and Montreal the 
metropolis of the Dominion, thence by the ''Short 
Line" to St. John, N. B. 

The best fishing and hunting grounds on the Conti- 
nent can be found along the 'line of the Canadian 
Pacific. 

Descriptive pamplets and folders will be sent to any 
address upon application to 



A. C. SHAW. 

GENERAL AGENT, PASSENGER DEPT., 

228 SOUTH CLARK STREET. CHICAGO, 



THE 





Was the FIRST planned 
TRANSCONTINENTAL 
RAILWAY. 



It bisects the region made memorable by 

L-EWI© AND OL.AFRK 

THE EXPLORERS OF f804-f806, 

And is the ONLY line 
. , . that touches .... 

YELLOWSTONE PARK, THE WONDERLAND OF THE WORLD 



NORTHERN 

n r^ Vw~11i«/ l/'^T'' rTV. /^ r^ c ^•^"i*"^ H^^ni/*!, PACIFIC 









/k 



'P0CKt«U0 

T"^E D! 



SPUirre 






T, 



ST A^^ 



E 




A JOURNEY OVER IT IS AN 
...EDUCATION IN ITSELF... 

Send SIX CENTS to CHAS. S. FEE, Gen. Pass. Agent, St, Paul, Mtnn., for a Suptrb 
finely illustrated WONDERLAND book. 



a. p. u 



